Advantages of microorganism containing biological fertilizers and evaluation of their use in ornamental plants

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 189 - 197, 28.12.2021

Berna Keles Yaşar Ertürk

Öz

In recent years, due to issues such as irregular and unplanned urbanization and industrialization, the existing agricultural areas have been decreasing rapidly, and the decreasing agricultural areas reveal the necessity of increasing the yield obtained from the unit area. This necessity leads to the pollution of agricultural lands and indirectly groundwater due to more chemical inputs day by day. Chemical fertilizers, one of the most common of these inputs, are the leading cause of pollution. Unconscious and excessive use is one of the most important factors of pollution. In recent years, with the increasing awareness and regulations, efforts on safe and healthy food production have increased, and in this context, the use of more environmentally friendly products that are harmless to humans and other living things has become widespread. In this context, some beneficial bacteria and fungal organisms isolated from soil are the most common biological fertilizers known to improve plant and soil properties. The hyphae formed by mycorrhizae containing fungal organisms can cover the plant roots and improve the surface area of the roots and the absorption of elements by extending deep into the soil. They also support plant growth by increasing phytohormone production. PGPRs (Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) containing beneficial bacteria, on the other hand, enable plants to absorb nitrogen and other elements in the atmosphere more easily, and they can also contribute to the development of plants by synthesizing growth-promoting substances. Ornamental plants cultivation, which is one of the most important subjects of agriculture and is carried out in large areas around the world, is one of the sectors where agricultural inputs are used intensively. In this study, more detailed information about biological fertilizers containing microorganisms, which are environmentally friendly fertilizers, will be given and the possibilities of their use in the field of ornamental plants and the studies that have been made will be tried to be examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mycorrhiza, Trichoderma, Bio Fertilizer, Ornamental Plants

Kaynakça

• Abdel Latef, A.A., Chaoxing, H. (2011a). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth, mineral nutrition, antioxidant enzymes activity and fruit yield of tomato grown under salinity stress. Sci. Hort. 127, 228–233. doi: 10.1016/j. scienta.2010.09.020.
• Abdel Latef, A. A., Chaoxing, H. (2011b). Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on growth, photosynthetic pigments, osmotic adjustment and oxidative stress in tomato plants subjected to low temperature stress. Acta Physiol. Plant. 33, 1217–1225. doi: 10.1007/s11738-010-0650-3
• Abdel Latef, A.A., Chaoxing, H. J. (2014). Does the inoculation with Glomus mosseae improve salt tolerance in pepper plants? Plant Grow. Regul. 33, 644– 653. doi: 10.1007/s00344-014-9414-4
• Abdel-Rahman , S.S., El-Naggar, A.I. (2014). Promotion of rooting and growth of some types of Bougainvilleas cutting by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Inter. J. Sci. and Res, 3(11), 97-108.
• Adams, P., De-Leij, F. A., Lynch , J. M. (2007). Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22 mediates growth promotion of crack willow (Salix fragilis) saplings in both clean and metal-contaminated soil. Microbial ecology, 54(2), 306-313.
• Adesemoye, A. O., Obini, M., Ugoji, E. (2008). Comparison of plant growth-promotion with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis in three vegetables. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 39, 423-426.
• Akça, Y., Ercişli, S. (2010). Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculation on fruit quality in sweetcherry (Prunus avium L) cv. 0900 Ziraat. J. Food Agr. And Biology, 8(2):769-771.
• Alagawadi, A. R., Gaur, A. C. (1992). Inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on yield of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in dry land. Trop. Agric. 69, 347–350.
• Alp, Ş., Yeler, O,, Şatir, O., Aslantaş, P. (2016). Turkey’s Wild Pears (Pyrus sp.) and Usage in Landscape Architectury. International Conference on Natural Science and Engineering, March 19-20, Kilis.
• Anonim (2020). http://www.susbitkileri.org.tr/images/d/library/f3e9a4f0-abd9-4d63-8f39-e1b5451f5a3d.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 18.05.2021)
• Antoun, H., Prevost, D. (2006). Ecology of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. PGPR: biocontrol and biofertilization. Edited by Zaki A. Sıddıqui, S 1-38.
• Arab, A., Zamani, G. R., Sayyari, M. H., Asili, J. (2015). Effects of chemical and biological fertilizers on morpho-physiological traits of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Eur. J. Med. Chem., 8(1): 60-68.
• Aslantas, R., Karakurt, H., Kose, M., Ozkan, G., Cakmakci, R. (2009). Influences of some bacteria strains on runner plant production on strawberry. Proc III. National Berry Fruit Symposium 50–58.
• Asrar, A. A., Abdel-Fattah, G. M., Elhindi, K. M. (2012). Improving growth, flower yield, and water relations of snapdragon (Antirhinum majus L.) plants grown under well-watered and water-stress conditions using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Photosynthetica, 50 (2): 305-316.
• Atanasova, L., Le Crom, S., Gruber, S., Coulpier, F., Seidl-Seiboth, V., Kubicek, C. P., Druzhinina, I. S. (2013). Comparative transcriptomics reveals different strategies of Trichoderma mycoparasitism. BMC genomics, 14(1), 1-15.
• Augs, R. (2001). International directory of mycorrhizologists. Mycorrhiza, 2(11), 115-116.
• Baghaie ,A. H., Aghilizefreei, A. (2019). Neighbor presence of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can increase sorghum phytoremediation efficiency in a soil treated with Pb polluted cow manure. Journal of Human Environment and Health Promotion, 5(4), 153-159.
• Bais, H. P., Weir, T. L,, Perry, L. G., Gilroy, S., Vivanco, J. M. (2006). The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 57, 233–266.
• Balcı, G., Keles, H., Cakmakci, R. (2020). The Effects of Biofertilizers on Some Physological Responses in Heritage Raspberries. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 23(6), 1422-1427.
• Balla, I., Szucs, E., Borkowska, B., Michalczuk, B. (2008). Evaluation the response of micropropagated peach and apple rootstocks to different mycorrhizal inocula. Mycorrhiza Works, eds F. Feldmann, Y. Kapulnik, and J. Baar (Braunschweig: Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft), 126–134
• Bashan, Y., De-Bashan, L. E. (2005). Plant growth-promoting. Encyclopedia of soils in the environment, 1, 103-115. Bassil, N. V., Proebsting, W. M., Moore, L. W., Lightfoot, D. A. (1991). Propagation of hazelnut stem cuttings using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Hort Sci 26:1058–1060
• Breuillin, F., Schramm, J., Hajirezaei, M., Ahkami, A., Favre, P., Druege, U., Hause, B., Bucher, M., Kretzschmar, T., Bossolini, E., Kuhlemeier, C., Martinoia, E., Franken, P., Scholz, U., Reinhardt, D. (2010). Phosphate systemically inhibits development of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Petunia hybrida and represses genes involved in mycorrhizal functioning. The Plant Journal (2010) 64, 1002–1017 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2010.04385.x
• Bitterlich, M., Sandmann, M., Graefe, J. (2018). Arbuscular mycorrhiza alleviates restrictions to substrate water flow and delays transpiration limitation to stronger drought in tomato. Front.Plant Sci. 9:154. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018. 00154.
• Bhattacharyya, C., Banerjee, S., Acharya, U., Mitra, A., Mallick, I., Haldar, A., Haldar, S., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, A. (2020). Evaluation of plant growth promotion properties and induction of antioxidative defense mechanism by tea rhizobacteria of Darjeeling, India. Scientific Reports 10:15536 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72439-z.
• Chang, Y .C., Chang, Y. C., Baker, R., Kleifeld, O., Chet, I. (1986). Increased growth of plants in the presence of the biological control agent Trichoderma harzianum. Plant disease, 70(2), 145-148.
• Cakmakci, R., Donmez, M. F., Erturk ,Y., Erat, M., Haznedar, A., Sekban, R. (2010). Diversity and metabolic potential of culturable bacteria from the rhizosphere of Turkish tea grown in acidic soils. Plant and Soil,332:299-318. doı: 10.1007/s11104-010-0295-4.
• Çakmakçı, R., Ertürk, Y., Sekban, R., Haznedar, A., Varmazyari, A. (2013). The Effect of Single and Mixed Cultures of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Mineral Fertilizers on Tea Camellıa Sinensıs Growth Yield and Nutrient Uptake. Soil Water Journal, Secial Issue for Agrıcasıa, 2(2(1)), 653-662. (Yayın No: 761104).
• Çakmakçı, R., Ertürk, Y., Varmazyari, A., Atasever, A., Kotan, R., Erat, M., Turkyılmaz,K., Sekban, R., Haznedar, A. (2015). The effect of mixed cultures of plant growth promoting bacteria and mineral fertilizers on tea (Camellia sinensis L.) growth, yield, nutrient uptake, and enzyme activities. International Congress on “Soil Science in International Year of Soils” 19-23 October 2015 Sohi, Russia. Vol :1, pp:67-71.
• Çakmakçı, R., Ertürk, Y., Varmazyari, A., Atasever, A., Kotan, R., Haliloğlu, K., Erat, M., Türkyılmaz, K., Sekban, R., Haznedar, A. (2017). The effect of bacteria-based formulations on tea (Camellia sinensis L.) growth, yield, and enzyme activities. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW Horticulture and Landscape Architecture No 38, 5–18
• Dalve, P. D., Mane, S. V., Nimbalkar,R. R. (2009). Effect of biofertilizers on growth, flowering and yield of gladiolus. Asian J. Hortic., 4: 227-229. De-Ming, L. I., Alexander, M. (1988). Co-inoculation with antibiotic producing bacteria to increase colonization and nodulation by rhizobia. Plant Soil 108, 211–219
• Dobbelaere, S. A., Croonenborghs, A., Thys, D., Ptacek, Y., Okon, Vanderleyden, J. (2002). Effects of inoculation with wild type Azospirillum brasilense and A. irakense strains on development and nitrogen uptake of spring wheat and grain maize. Biology and Fertility of Soils 36: 284–297.
• Ercisli, S., Esitken, A., Sahin, F. (2004). Application of exogenous IBA and inoculation with Agrobacterium rubi stimulate adventitious root formation among stem cuttings of two Rose genotypes. HortSci 39:533–534
• Ertürk, Y., Ercisli, S., Sekban, R., Haznedar, A., Dönmez, M. F. (2008). The effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria PGPR on rooting and root growth of tea Camellia sinensis var Sinensis cuttings. Romanian Biotechnological Letters., 13(3), 3747-3756.
• Ertürk, Y., Ercisli, S., Haznedar, A., Çakmakçı, R. (2010). Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria PGPR on rooting and root growth of kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa stem cuttings. Biological Research, 42(1), 91-98.
• Ertürk, Y., Çakmakçı, R., Duyar, Ö., Turan, M (2011). The effects of plant growth promotion rhizobacteria PGPR on vegetative growth and leaf nutrient contents of hazelnut seedlings Turkish hazelnut cv Tombul and Sivri. International Journal of Soil Science , 6(3), 188-198
• Erturk, Y., Ercisli, S., Cakmakci, R. (2012). Yield and growth response of strawberry ton plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria inoculation. Plant Nutrition, 35:6, 817-826, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2012.663437.
• Ertürk, Y., Çakmakçı, R., Sekban, R., Haznedar, A. (2013). Çay yetiştiriciliğinde bitki büyümesini teşvik edici bakteri uygulamaları alternatif olabilir mi ? Türkiye V. Organik Tarım Sempozyumu 25-27 Eylül 2013. Samsun, cilt 1, s:47-51.
• Esitken, A., Pirlak, L., Turan, M., Sahin, F. (2006). Effects of floral and foliar application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrition of sweet cherry. Scientia Horticulturae, 110(4), 324-327.
• Fuente-Ramirez, L. E., Caballero-Mellado, J. (2005). Bacterial biofertilizers. In: Biocontrol and Biofertilization, ed. Z. A. Siddiqui, pp. 142–172. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Springer.
• Hermosa, R., Viterbo, A., Chet, I., Monte, E. (2012). Plant-beneficial effects of Trichoderma and of its genes. Microbiology, 158(1), 17-25.
• Girgin, E. (2019). Effects of Rizobacteria and Chemical Fertilizers on the Growth of Cyclamen persicum Plant. Unpublished Master's Thesis. Atatürk University Institute of Science and Technology, Erzurum.
• Gupta ,V. V. (2012). Beneficial microorganisms for sustainable agriculture. Microbiology Australia, 33(3), 113-115.
• Higa, T. (1994). Effective Microorganisms: A new dimension for Nature Farm-ing. p. 20-22. In J.F. Parr, S.B. Hornick, and M.E. Simpson (ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Kyusei Nature Farming. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. D.C., USA.
• İmriz, G., Özdemir, F., Topal, İ., Ercan, B., Taş, M. N., Yakışır, E., Okur, O. (2014). Bitkisel üretimde bitki gelişimini teşvik eden Rizobakteri (PGPR)'ler ve etki mekanizmaları. Elektronik Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 12(2), 1-19.
• İpek, M., Aras, S., Arıkan, Ş., Eşitken, A., Pırlak, L., Dönmez, M. F., Turan, M. (2017). Root plant growth promoting rhizobacteria inoculations increase ferric chelate reductase (FC-R) activity and Fe nutrition in pear under calcareous soil conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 219, 144-151.
• Jacoby, R., Peukert, M., Succurro, A., Koprivova, A., Kopriva, S. (2017). The Role of Soil Microorganisms in Plant Mineral Nutrition—Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Frontiers in Plant Science V:8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01617.
• Karakurt, H., Kotan, R., Aslantas, R., Dadasoglu, F., Karagöz, K. (2010). Inoculation effects of Pantoea agglomerans strains on growth and chemical composition of plum. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 33:13, 1998-2009, DOI: 10.1080/01904167.2010.512057
• Kavino, M,, Harish, S., Kumar ,S., Saravanakumar, D., Samiyappan, R. (2010). Effect of chitinolytic PGPR on growth, yield and physiological attributes of banana (Musa spp.) under field conditions. Applied Soil Ecology 45:71-77
• Kaymak, H. C,, Yarali, F., Guvenc, I., Donmez, M. F. (2008). The effect of inoculation with plant growth rhizobacteria (PGPR) on root formation of mint (Mentha piperita L.) cuttings. African journal of Biotechnology, 7(24).
• Koc, A., Balci, G., Erturk, Y., Keles, H., Bakoglu, N., Ercisli, S. (2016). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on proline, membrane permeability and growth of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) under salt stress. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 89.
• Koç, A., Balcı, G., Ertürk, Y., Keles, H., Bakoğlu, N. (2015). San Andreas Çilek Çeşidinde Farklı Tuz Konsantrasyonlarında Mikroorganizma Uygulamalarının Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi. International Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 8(2), 47-51.
• Kodaş, R. (2011). Tahıllarda Organik Yetiştiricilik. Tezsiz Yüksek Lisans Dönem Projesi, Tarla Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Ling-Zhi, L. I. U., Zong-Qiang, G. O. N. G., Zhang, Y. L., Pei-Jun, L. I. (2011). Growth, cadmium accumulation and physiology of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Pedosphere, 21(3), 319-327.
• Lombard, N., Prestat, E., Van Elsas, J. D., Simonet, P. (2011). Soilspecific limitations for access and analysis of soil microbial communities by metagenomics, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 78, 31–49.
• McArthur, D. A., Knowles, N. R. (1993). Influence of species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus nutrition on growth, development, and mineral nutrition of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Physiology, 102(3), 771-782.
• Meenakshi, B., Prabhat, K., Santosh, K. (2014). Impact of integrated nutrient management on post-harvest and corm characters of Gladiolus cv. Novalux. Ann. Hortic., 7: 109-114.
• Mishra ,R. K., Parakash, O., Alaam ,M., Dishit, A. (2010). Influence of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the productivity of Pelargonium graveolens L Herit. Research in Science and Technology 2(5): 53-57; ISSN: 2076-5061AU
• Moora, M., Zobel, M. (1998). Can arbuscular mycorrhiza change the effect of root competition between conspecific plants of different ages? Canadian Journal of Botany, 76 (4), 613-619.
• Navarro ,A., Elia, A., Conversa, G., Campi, P., Mastrorilli, M. (2012). Potted mycorrhizal carnation plants and saline stress: growth, quality and nutritional plant responses. Scientia Horticulturae, 140, 131-139.
• Newman, E. I., Reddell, P. (1987). The distribution of mycorrhizas among families of vascular plants. New Phytologist 106.4, 745-751.
• Nielsen, M. N., Winding, A. (2002). Microorganisms as indicators of soil health. National Environmental Reseach Institute. Ministry of the Environment. NERI Technical Report No: 388, ISSBN (e): 1600-0048, 84 p.
• Orhan, E., Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., Turan, M., Sahin, F. (2006). Effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, growth and nutrient contents in organically growing raspberry. Scientia Horticulturae, 111(1), 38-43.
• Orhan, E., Esitken, A., Ercisli, S., Sahin, F. (2007). Effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), bacteria and radicle tip cutting on lateral root induction in Pistacia vera. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 82:2–4
• Ozyazıcı, G., Ozdemir, O., Ozyazıcı, M. A., Ustun, G. Y. (2010). The Effects of Organic Materials and Soil Regulators in Organic Hazelnut Production on Yield and Some Soil Properties. Türkiye IV. Organik Tarım Sempozyumu, 28 Haziran-1 Temmuz 2010, Erzurum.
• Öztekin, G., Tuzel, Y., Ece, M . (2015). Fosfat Çözücü Bakteri Aşılamalarının Sera Domates Yetiştiriciliğinde Bitki Gelişimi, Verim ve Meyve Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 25, Sayı 2: 148-155.
• Parlakova Karagöz, F. Dursun, A. (2019). Effects of Different PGPR Formulations, Chemical Fertilizers and Their Combinations on Some Plant Growth Characteristics of Poinsettia. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi Cilt 29, Özel Sayı / Special Issue. DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.466037
• Parlakova Karagöz, F., Dursun . (2020a). Effects of chemical fertilizer and some bacterial formulations on growing medium and plant heavy metal content in poinsettia cultivation. Alınteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1): 1-1.
• Parlakova Karagoz, F., Dursun, A. (2020c). Effects of PGPR formulations, chemical fertilizers, and their combinations on physiological traits and quality of bracts of poinsettia. J. Agric. Sci. Technol., 22(3): 775-787.
• Parlakova Karagöz, F., Dursun, A. (2020b). Effects of chemical fertilizer and some bacterial formulations on growing medium and plant heavy metal content in poinsettia cultivation. Alınteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 35(1): 1-1.
• Perner, H., Schwarz, D., Bruns, C., Mäder, P., George, E. (2007). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization and two levels of compost supply on nutrient uptake and flowering of pelargonium plants. Mycorrhiza, 17(5), 469-474.
• Pirlak, L., Turan, M., Sahin, F., Esitken, A. (2007). Floral and foliar application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to apples increases yield, growth, and nutrient element contents of leaves. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 30(4), 145-155.
• Podile, A. R., Kishore, G. K., Manjula, K. (2006). Achievements in biological control of diseases with antagonistic organisms at University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. In Current status of biological control of plant diseases using antagonistic organisms in India. Proceedings of the group meeting on antagonistic organisms in plant disease management held at Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore, India on 10-11th July 2003 (pp. 340-349). Project Directorate of Biological Control, Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
• Ram, R. L., Maji, C., Bindroo, B. B. (2013). Role of PGPR in different crops-an overview. Indian J. Seric. 52(1):1-13.
• Reid, C. P. P., Bowen, G.D. (1979). Effect of water stress on phosphorus uptake by mycorrhizas of Pinus radiata. New Phytologist, 83(1), 103-107.
• Scagel, C. F. (2001). Cultivar specific effects of mycorrhizal fungi on the rooting of miniature rose cuttings. Journal of Environmental Horticulture, 19(1), 15-20.
• Schutzendubel, A., Polle, A. (2002). Plant responses to abiotic stresses: heavy metal‐induced oxidative stress and protection by mycorrhization. Journal of experimental botany, 53(372), 1351-1365.
• Sezen, I., Kaymak, H. Ç., Aytatlı, B., Dönmez, M. F., Ercişli, S. (2014). Inoculations with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) stimulate adventitious root formation on semi-hardwood stem cuttings of Ficus benjamina L. Propagation of Ornamental Plants, 14(4), 152-157.
• Silva ,N., Iveth, M. (2011). Potencial de rizobacterias Pseudomonas putida como biofertilizantes para el crecimiento de plantas de Nochebuena (Euphorbia pulcherrima L.). Veracruzana University Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Receptional Experience Study, p. 42.
• Smith, S. E., Read, D. J. (2008). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Third Edition (Hardcover). Academic Pres is an imprint of Elsevier, NewYork, 800p. Studholme, D. J., Harris, B., Le Cocq ,K., Winsbury, R., Perera, V., Ryder, L.,
• Grant, M. (2013). Investigating the beneficial traits of Trichoderma hamatum GD12 for sustainable agriculture—insights from genomics. Frontiers in plant science, 4, 258.
• Subramanian, K. S., Charest, C. (1999). Acquisition of N by external hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and its impact on physiological responses in maize under drought-stressed and well-watered conditions. Mycorrhiza, 9 (2), 69-75.
• Sylvia ,D. M., Hammond, L. C., Bennett, J. M., Haas, J. H., Linda, S. B. (1993). Field response of maize to a VAM fungus and water management. Agronomy Journal, 85(2), 193-198.
• Turkmen ,O., Sensoy, S., Demir, S., Erdinc, C. (2008). Effects of two different AMF species on growth and nutrient content of pepper seedlings grown under moderate salt stres. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 7 (4), pp. 392-396
• Whipps, J. M. (2001). Microbial interactions and biocontrol in the rhizosphere. Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 52, Issue suppl_1 :487–511, https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.487
• Yazdani ,M., Bahmanyar, M. A., Pirdashti, H., Esmaili, M. A. (2009). Effect of phosphate solubilization microorganisms (PSM) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 49, 90-92.
• Youssef ,M. M. A., Eissa, M. F. M. (2014) Biofertilizers and their role in management of plant parasitic nematodes. E J Biotechnol Pharm Res 5: 1-6
• Zahir, Z. A., Arshad, M. (2004). Perspectives in agriculture. Advances in agronomy, 81, 97.
• Zak, J. C., McMichael. B., Dhillion, S., Friese, C. (1998). Arbuscular-mycorrhizal colonization dynamics of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing under several production systems on the Southern High Plains, Texas. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 68(3), 245-254.
• Zhang, F., Dashti, N., Hynes, R. K., Smith, D. L. (1996). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) nodulation and nitrogen fixation at suboptimal root zone temperatures. Ann. Bot. 77, 453–459.
• Zuccarini, P., Okurowska ,P. (2008). Effects of mycorrhizal colonization and fertilization on growth and photosynthesis of sweet basil under salt stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31(3), 497-513.
• Zulueta-Rodriguez ,R., Cordoba-Matson, M. V., Hernandez-Montiel, L. G., MurilloAmador, B., Rueda-Puente, E., Lara, L. (2014). Effect of Pseudomonas putida on growth and anthocyanin pigment in two Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivars. The 19 Scientific World Journal, Volume 2014, Article ID 810192, 6 pages.
• Zulfitri, A. (2012). Plant Growth Promotion by IAA-Producing Rhizobacteria in Ornamental Plant Propagation. Master's Thesis. University of Sydney, 122.