Assessing the Friendship Quality of Children between the Ages of 9 and 12 Based on Certain Variables

Yıl 2019, , 9 - 24, 01.12.2019

Nilgün Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.17985/ijare.599837

Öz

The purpose of
this study is to investigate whether the friendship qualities of 9-12 years old
students differ according to socio-demographic variables. The study group
consisted of 667 students attending the 3^th, 4 ^th, 5^th
and 6^th grades of the schools in the Battalgazi district of Malatya
in the 2018-2019 academic year. A personal information form prepared by the
researcher to collect demographic data and the Friendship Quality Scale were
used to measure friendship quality levels. In the data analysis, mean,
independent sample t test, oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used.
According to the findings, it was found out that the dimensions of friendship
quality, which students attach the most importance to, were trust, validation
and support, self-disclosure, conflict, companionship and recreation; the least
important the dimension of friendship quality is the help and guidance.
According to the of gender, grade level, academic achievement and economic
status, there is a significant difference in of the students' friendship
quality.  According to gender, female
students' friendship quality was found to be higher levels than boys students.
The grade level progressed, the level of friendship quality of the students
increased. It has been found that the increase in academic achievement of
students positively affects the quality of friendship. It was observed that the
increase in the economic status of the students positively reflects the
friendship quality.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Friendship, Friendship quality, pre-adolescence

Kaynakça

• Agnor, C. J. (2009). A proposed model of friendship quality and attachment in preschool children. Doctorate Dissertation. Seattle Pacific University, Seattle.
• Aldwin, C. M., & Revenson, T. A. (1986). Vulnerability to economic stress. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(2), 161-175.
• Asher, S. R., & Parker, J. G. (1988). Signifance of peer relationship problems in childhood. In B. H. Schneider, G. Attili, J. Nadel & R. P. Weissberg (Ed.), Social Competence in Develpomental Perspective (pp.5-23). USA Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
• Baker, S. E. (2009). An examination of friendship quality and affective representations of friendship in childeren perinatally infected with hıv, childern with asthma and healty childern of hıv-positive mothers. Doctorate Dissertation, Central Michigan University, Michigan.
• Balkar, B. (2008). Öğrenciler arasındaki sosyal ve ekonomik farklılıkların öğrenci ilişkileri ve öğretim süreci üzerindeki etkisine ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(3), 29-46.
• Bayhan, P., & Işıtan, S. (2010). Ergenlik döneminde ilişkiler: Akran ve romantik ilişkilere genel bakış. Family and Society, 5(20), 33-44.
• Berndt, T. J. (1981). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17(4), 408.
• Berndt, T. J. (1982). The features and effects of friendship in early adolescence. Child Development, 1447-1460.
• Berndt, T. J., & Perry, T. B. (1986). Childrens’ perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22, 640-648.
• Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ adjustments to school. Child Development, 66, 1312–1329. doi:10.2307/1131649.
• Berndt, J. J., Hawkins, J. A., & Jiao, Z. (1999). Influences of friends and friendship on adjustment to junior high school. Merril-Palmer Quarterly, 45(1), 13-41.
• Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psyhological Science,11 (1), 7-10
• Benenson, J. F., & Christakos, A. (2003). The greater fragility of females' versus males' closest same-sex friendships. Child Development, 74(4), 1123-1129.
• Bigelow, B. J. (1977). Children's friendship expectations: A cognitive-developmental study. Child Development, 48, 246-253.
• Brannan, D., Biswas-Diener, R., Mohr, C. D., Mortazavi, S., & Stein, N. (2013). Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(1), 65-75.
• Brendgen, M., Markiewicz, D., Doyle, A. B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2001). The relations between friendship quality ranked-friendship preference and adolescents’ behavior with their friends. Merril- Palmer Quarterly, 47(3), 395-415.
• Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre-and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the Friendship Qualities Scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(3), 471-484.
• Bukowski, W. M., Laursen, B., & Hoza, B. (2010). The snowball effect: Friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children. Development and Psychopathology, 22(4), 749-757.
• Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. Child Development, 1101-1113.
• Burk, W. J., & Laursen, B. (2005). Adolescent perceptions of friendships and their associations with individual adjustment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29,156-164.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2010). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (7. Basım). Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Cauce, A. M. (1986). Social networks and social competence: Exploring the effects of early adolescent friendships. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(6), 607-628.
• Collins, W. A., & Russell, G. (1991). Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood and adolescence: A developmental analysis. Developmental Review, 11 (2), 99-136.
• Cook, T. D., Deng, Y., & Morgano, E. (2007). Friendship influences during early adolescence: The special role of friends' grade point average. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17(2), 325-356.
• Chow, W. Y. (2008). The role of friendship on adolescent mental health problems. Doctorate Dissertation, Arizona State University, Arizona.
• Çakır, Ö. (2002). Sosyal dışlanma. Journal of Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Social Sciences, 4(3), 83-104.
• Çevik, G. B. (2007). Lise 3. sınıf öğrencilerinin arkadaşlık ilişkileri ve benlik saygılarının bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
• Çok, F. (1993). Gençlikte arkadaşlık ilişkileri. Education and Science, 17(89), 27-35.
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik. SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. Basım). Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Demir, M., Özdemir, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2007). Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close friendships as they predict happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 243-253.
• Dinçer, B. (2008). Alt ve üst sosyo-ekonomik düzeyde lise ikinci sınıfa devam eden ergenlerin anne baba tutumlarını algılamaları ile arkadaşlık ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
• Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems. Child Development, 65(2), 649-665.
• Duyan, V., Duyan, G. Ç., Çifti, E. G., Sevin, Ç., Erbay, E., & İkizoğlu, M. (2008). Lisede okuyan öğrencilerin yalnızlık durumlarına etki eden değişkenlerin incelenmesi. Education and Science, 33(150), 28-41.
• Elder Jr, G. H., Van Nguyen, T., & Caspi, A. (1985). Linking family hardship to children's lives. Child Development, 361-375.
• Erdil, O., Keskin, H., İmamoğlu, S. Z., & Erat, S. (2011). Yönetim tarzı ve çalışma koşulları, arkadaşlık ortamı ve takdir edilme duygusu ile iş tatmini arasındaki ilişkiler: Tekstil sektöründe bir uygulaması. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 5(1), 17-26.
• Erdly, C. A., Nagle, D. W., Newman, J. E., & Carpenter, E. M. (2001). Childeren’s friendship experiences and psychological adjustment: Theory and Research. Child and Adolescent Developmental, 91, 5-24.
• Feiring, C., & Lewis, M. (1989). The social networks of girls and boys from early through middle childhood. Children’s Social Networks and Social Supports, 119-150.
• Fong, E., & Isajiw, W. W. (2000). Determinants of friendship choices in multiethnic society. In Sociological Forum, (2) 249-271.
• Furman, W., & Bierman, K. L. (1984). Children's conceptions of friendship: A multimethod study of developmental changes. Developmental Psychology, 20(5), 925-931.
• Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental psychology, 21(6), 1016.
• Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63(1), 103-115.
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate researchin education (8th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
• Geçtan, E. (2003). Psikanaliz ve sonrası (7.Basım). İstanbul: Remzi Bookstore.
• Gore, S., Aseltine Jr, R. H., & Colten, M. E. (1993). Gender, social-relationship involvement, and depression. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3(2), 101-125.
• Hays, R. B. (1988). Friendship. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research, and interventions (pp. 391-408). New York: Wiley.
• Hurtado, S., Engberg, M. E., Ponjuan, L., & Landreman, L. (2002). Students' precollege preparation for participation in a diverse democracy. Research in Higher Education, 43(2), 163-186.
• Ide, J. K., Parkerson, J., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1981). Peer group influence on educational outcomes: A quantitative synthesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73(4), 472.
• Jones, G. P., & Dembo, M. H. (1989). Age and sex role differences in intimate friendship durind childhood and adolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 35(4),445-462.
• Ladd, G. W. (1990). Having friends, keeping friends, making friends and being liked by peers in the classroom: Pretictors of children’s early school adjustment? Child Development, 61(4), 1081-1110.
• Ladd, G. N., Konchenderfer, B. J., & Colomen, C. C. (1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children’s early school adjustment. Child Development, 67, 1103-1118.
• Ladd, G. W. (1999). Peer relationship and social competence during early and middle childhood. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 333-359.
• La Greca, A. M., Bearman, K. J., & Moore, H. (2002). Peer relations of youth with pediatric conditions and health risks: Promoting social support and healthy lifestyles. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 23 (4), 271-280.
• Laird, R. D., Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (1999). Best friendships, group relationships, and antisocial behavior in early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(4), 413-437.
• Lansford, J. E., & Parker, J. G. (1999). Children's interactions in triads: Behavioral profiles and effects of gender and patterns of friendships among members. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 80-93.
• Legerski, J. P. (2010). Just among friends: associations amongemotional expression, friend behavior, and friendshıp quality in early adolescent same-sex friend dyads. Doctorate dissertation, Kansas University, Kansas.
• Lempers, J. D., Clark-Lempers, D., & Simons, R. L. (1989). Economic hardship, parenting, and distress in adolescence. Child Development, 25-39.
• Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationship: A developmental perspective. American Psychologist, 45(4), 513-520.
• McLoyd, V. C. (1989). Socialization and development in a changing economy: The effects of paternal job and income loss on children. American Psychologist, 44(2), 293-302.
• McFarland, C. A. (2008). Reciprocal relationships between adolescent aggression and close friendship quality in middle and high school. Doctorate Dissertation, Virginia University, USA.
• Mitchell, G. S. (2005). Children’s friendship and after- school program participation: Does participation in an after-school program affect the aevelopment and quality of children’s friendship. Master Dissertation, Massachusetts University, USA.
• Nelson, R. M., & DeBacker, T. K. (2008). Achievement motivation in adolescents: The role of peer climate and best friends. The Journal of Experimental Education, 76(2), 170-189.
• Newcomb, A. F., & Bagwell, C. L. (1995). Children's friendship relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 306.
• Öztürk, N. (2016). Arkadaşlık becerisi psiko-eğitiminin 9-12 yaş arası öğrencilerin arkadaşlık niteliğine etkisi. Doktora Tezi, İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
• Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology,29, 611- 621.
• Petersen, A. C. (1987). The nature of biological-psychosocial interactions: The sample case of early adolescence. In R. M. Lerner & T. T. Foch (Ed.), Child psychology. Biological-psychosocial interactions in early adolescence (pp. 35-61). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc
• Phebe, W. F. L. (2007). Peer relations in preadolescence: Associations between friendship guality peer acceptence and parentel management in peer relations. Retrieved 01 January 2019, from http://lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/oaps/ss2007-5790-lfw768.pdf
• Phillipsen, L. C. (1999). Associations between age, gender, and group acceptance and three components of friendship quality. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 19(4), 438-464.
• Piehler, T. F., & Dishion, T. J. (2007). Interpersonal dynamic within adolescencent friendships: Dyadic mutuality, deviant talk, and patterns of antisocial behavior. Child Development, 78(5), 1611-1624.
• Rose, A. J., & Asher, S. R. (1999). Children's goals and strategies in response to conflicts within a friendship. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 69-79.
• Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
• Schneider, B. H. (2000). Friends and enemies. Peer relations in childhood, London: Arnold.
• Şahin, N. H., Batıgün, A. D., & Uğurtaş, S. (2002). Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE): Ergenler için kullanımının geçerlik, güvenilirlik ve faktör yapısı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi,13(2), 125-135.
• Thompson, M., Grace, C.O., & Cohen, L. J. (2002). Çocuğunuzun arkadaşlık ilişkileri (2. Basım) (Ekin N. Boylu, trans.). Ankara: Arkadaş Publishing.
• Wanless, R. L., & Prinz, R. J. (1982). Methodological issues in conceptualizing and treating childhood social isolation. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 39-55.
• Weiss, M. R., & Smith, A. L. (2002). Friendship quality in youth sport: Reletionship to age, gender and motivation variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24(84), 420-437.
• Wiltz, J. M. A. (2005). İdentifying factors associated with friendship in individuals with mental retardation. Doctorate dissertation, Ohio State University, Ohio.
• Yavuzer, H. (1998). Ana-baba çocuk (2. Basım). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi
• Yılmazçoban, M. (2011). Evlilikte çiftleri etkileyen unsurlar ve arkadaşlık ilkeleri. Yalova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 178-195.
• Yun Lee, L. S. (2008). Peer reciprocity, acceptence and friendship quality in chidren with autism in general educational settings. Doctorate Dissertation, California University, Los Angeles.