Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

An Assessment of Culture Tourism in Europe Destination

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 43 - 49, 27.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.549471

Öz

From the 1960s until today, the ideology of
modernism has been followed by the
ideology of post-modernism. One of the most important results of this ideology
is culture and heritage tourism. The United Nations World Tourism Organization
considers that 40% of international
tourists worldwide are cultural tourists. The European continent, which
attracts the most tourists in the world, was examined regarding cultural tourism. However, when the literature is examined, the lack of data on cultural
tourism leads to questions about the size of the demand for cultural tourism.

In
the study, the number of cultural tourists of the countries included in the
statistics of United Nations World Tourism Organization in the European
continent was calculated according to 40% prediction of the organization. As a
result of the analysis, in terms of cultural tourism, France in Western Europe,
Spain in Southern Europe, England in Northern Europe and Russia in Eastern
Europe were determined as the leading destinations in terms of cultural
tourism. The findings of the research may provide an in-depth look at the
European scale in the field of cultural tourism.

Kaynakça

  • Bachleitner, R., & Zins, A. H. (1999). Cultural tourism in rural communities: The residents’ perspective. Journal of Business Research, 44, 199-209.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1988). America. London: Verso. Boorstin, D. J. (1964). The image: a guide to Pseudo-Events in America. Boston: Harper Colophon Books.
  • Feifer, M. (1985). Tourism in History. From Imperial Rome to Present. New York: Stein and Day.
  • Habernas, J.,& Ben-Habib, S. (1981). Modernity versus postmodernity. New German Critique, 22, 3-14.
  • Hall, C. M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). Culture and heritage tourism: The new Grand Tour. Historic Environment, 7 (3/4), 86-98.
  • Hewison, R. (1987). The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline. London: Methuen
  • Hibbert, C. (1969). The Grand Tour. London: Putnam.
  • Hughes, H. (2000). Arts, Entertainment and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Nuryanti, W. (1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2), 249-260.
  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. London: Macmillan.
  • MacIntosh, R. W., & Goeldner, R. (1996). Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: Wiley and Sons.
  • McHone, W. W., & Rungeling, B. (1999). Special cultural events: Do they attract leisure tourists?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18, 215-219.
  • McKrecher, B.,& du Cros, H. (2012). Cultural Tourism the Partnership between Tourism and Cultural Heritagemanagement. New York: Routledge.
  • Medlik, S. (2003). Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Third Edition, London: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Poria, Y., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2001) Clarifying heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 28 (4), 1047-1049.
  • Richards, G., & Bonink, C. (1995). Marketing European Cultural Tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1, 173-180.
  • Richards, G. (1996). Culture and tourism in Europe. In G. Richards, (Ed.) Cultural tourism in Europe (pp. 10-20). Wallingford: CABI.
  • Richards, G. (2000). Cultural tourism: Challenges for management and marketing. In Gartner, W. C. and Lime, D. W. (Eds), Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism, (pp. 187-195). CABI: Oxon.
  • Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of Escape: Modern Transformations in Leisure and Travel. London: Macmillan.Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (1997) Transformations of travel and theory. In: Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (Eds), Touring Cultures, Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 1-22). London: Routledge.
  • Uriely, N. (1997). Theories of modern and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (4), 982-984.
  • Urry, J. (2001). Turist Bakışı. Ankara: Bigesu.
  • Urry, J.,& Larsen J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Backgrounder on Cultural Industries. (2006). http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/culture/Cultural_Industries/HK_Open_Forum/Backgrounder-FINAL.pdf Accessed 25 January 2019.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Heritage Centre, World Heritage List. (2018). https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ Accessed 04 January 2019
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). The State’s Role in Protecting and Promoting Culture as a Factor of Tourism Development and the Proper Use and Exploitation of the National Cultural Heritage of Sites and Heritage for Tourism. (1985). https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284409051 Accessed 22 January 2019.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tourism and Culture Synergies. (2018). https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284418978 Accessed 20 January 2019.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition.(2018).https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876 Accessed 19 January 2019.
  • Statista. Statistics and Market Data on Art & Culture (2017). https://www.statista.com/markets/409/topic/440/art-culture/ Accessed 19 January 2019.
  • Swarbrooke, J. (1994). The future of the past: Heritage tourism in the 21st century. In A.V. Seaton (Ed.), Tourism the State of the Art (pp. 222-229), Chichester: John Wiley.The Themed Entertainment Association (TEA) and the Economics practice at AECOM.
  • Theme Index and Museum Index (2017). https://www.aecom.com/press-releases/tea-aecom-release-2017-report-worlds-top-attended-theme-parks-waterparks-museums/ Accessed 21 January 2019.
  • Towner, J. (1985). The Grand Tour a key phase in the history of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 12, 297-333.
  • Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant Heritage: The Management of The Past as a Resource in Conflict. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.

Avrupa Destinasyonunda Kültür Turizminin Değerlendirilmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 43 - 49, 27.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.549471

Öz

1960’lardan günümüze kadar modernizm ideolojisini
post-modernizm ideolojisi takip etmiştir. Bu ideolojinin en önemli
sonuçlarından biri kültür ve miras turizmidir. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm
Örgütü dünya çapındaki uluslararası turist sayısının % 40’nın kültür turisti
olduğunu değerlendirmektedir. Buradan yola çıkarak araştırmada dünyada en fazla
turist çeken Avrupa kıtası kültür turizmi açısından incelenmiştir. Bununla
birlikte, literatür incelendiğinde kültür turizmi ile ilgili veri eksikliği
kültür turizmine yönelik talebin ne büyüklükte olduğu konusundaki soruların
yanıtsız kalmasına neden olmaktadır. Araştırmada Avrupa kıtasında Birleşmiş
Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü istatistiklerinde yer alan ülkelerin kültür
turisti sayıları örgütün %40 tahminine göre hesaplanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda
kültür turizmi açısından Batı Avrupa’da Fransa, Güney Avrupa’da İspanya, Kuzey
Avrupa’da İngiltere ve Doğu Avrupa’da Rusya kültür turizmi açısından lider
destinasyonlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen
bulguların kültür turizmi konusunda Avrupa ölçeğinde derinlemesine bir bakış sağlayacağı
düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bachleitner, R., & Zins, A. H. (1999). Cultural tourism in rural communities: The residents’ perspective. Journal of Business Research, 44, 199-209.
  • Baudrillard, J. (1988). America. London: Verso. Boorstin, D. J. (1964). The image: a guide to Pseudo-Events in America. Boston: Harper Colophon Books.
  • Feifer, M. (1985). Tourism in History. From Imperial Rome to Present. New York: Stein and Day.
  • Habernas, J.,& Ben-Habib, S. (1981). Modernity versus postmodernity. New German Critique, 22, 3-14.
  • Hall, C. M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). Culture and heritage tourism: The new Grand Tour. Historic Environment, 7 (3/4), 86-98.
  • Hewison, R. (1987). The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline. London: Methuen
  • Hibbert, C. (1969). The Grand Tour. London: Putnam.
  • Hughes, H. (2000). Arts, Entertainment and Tourism. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Nuryanti, W. (1996). Heritage and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23 (2), 249-260.
  • MacCannell, D. (1976). The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. London: Macmillan.
  • MacIntosh, R. W., & Goeldner, R. (1996). Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies. New York: Wiley and Sons.
  • McHone, W. W., & Rungeling, B. (1999). Special cultural events: Do they attract leisure tourists?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 18, 215-219.
  • McKrecher, B.,& du Cros, H. (2012). Cultural Tourism the Partnership between Tourism and Cultural Heritagemanagement. New York: Routledge.
  • Medlik, S. (2003). Dictionary of Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Third Edition, London: Butterworth Heinemann.
  • Poria, Y., Butler, R., & Airey, D. (2001) Clarifying heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 28 (4), 1047-1049.
  • Richards, G., & Bonink, C. (1995). Marketing European Cultural Tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 1, 173-180.
  • Richards, G. (1996). Culture and tourism in Europe. In G. Richards, (Ed.) Cultural tourism in Europe (pp. 10-20). Wallingford: CABI.
  • Richards, G. (2000). Cultural tourism: Challenges for management and marketing. In Gartner, W. C. and Lime, D. W. (Eds), Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism, (pp. 187-195). CABI: Oxon.
  • Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of Escape: Modern Transformations in Leisure and Travel. London: Macmillan.Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (1997) Transformations of travel and theory. In: Rojek, C. and Urry, J. (Eds), Touring Cultures, Transformations of Travel and Theory (pp. 1-22). London: Routledge.
  • Uriely, N. (1997). Theories of modern and postmodern tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (4), 982-984.
  • Urry, J. (2001). Turist Bakışı. Ankara: Bigesu.
  • Urry, J.,& Larsen J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Backgrounder on Cultural Industries. (2006). http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/culture/Cultural_Industries/HK_Open_Forum/Backgrounder-FINAL.pdf Accessed 25 January 2019.
  • United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Heritage Centre, World Heritage List. (2018). https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/ Accessed 04 January 2019
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). The State’s Role in Protecting and Promoting Culture as a Factor of Tourism Development and the Proper Use and Exploitation of the National Cultural Heritage of Sites and Heritage for Tourism. (1985). https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284409051 Accessed 22 January 2019.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tourism and Culture Synergies. (2018). https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284418978 Accessed 20 January 2019.
  • United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).Tourism Highlights 2018 Edition.(2018).https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876 Accessed 19 January 2019.
  • Statista. Statistics and Market Data on Art & Culture (2017). https://www.statista.com/markets/409/topic/440/art-culture/ Accessed 19 January 2019.
  • Swarbrooke, J. (1994). The future of the past: Heritage tourism in the 21st century. In A.V. Seaton (Ed.), Tourism the State of the Art (pp. 222-229), Chichester: John Wiley.The Themed Entertainment Association (TEA) and the Economics practice at AECOM.
  • Theme Index and Museum Index (2017). https://www.aecom.com/press-releases/tea-aecom-release-2017-report-worlds-top-attended-theme-parks-waterparks-museums/ Accessed 21 January 2019.
  • Towner, J. (1985). The Grand Tour a key phase in the history of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 12, 297-333.
  • Tunbridge, J. E., & Ashworth, G. J. (1996). Dissonant Heritage: The Management of The Past as a Resource in Conflict. West Sussex: John Wiley and Sons.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Özgün Bilimsel Makale
Yazarlar

Onur Akbulut 0000-0002-1392-243X

Yakın Ekin Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6434-6316

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbulut, O., & Ekin, Y. (2019). Avrupa Destinasyonunda Kültür Turizminin Değerlendirilmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. International Journal of Contemporary Tourism Research, 3(1), 43-49. https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.549471