N2O için Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Test Edilmesi

Öz

Sera gazlarının en zararlılarından biri olan N2O çevreye büyük zararlar vermektedir. CO2 kadar dikkat çekmemesine rağmen, bu gazın emisyonunu azaltmak için uygulanacak politikalar sürdürülebilir bir çevre ve ekonomi için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Politikaların zamansız uygulanması verimsizliğe ve kıt kaynakların boşa kullanılmasına neden olabileceğinden, politikaların uygulanma zamanı dikkatlice seçilmelidir. Bu noktada, Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) politikaların zamanlamasının belirlenmesine büyük katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, N2O salınımının ekonomik büyüme ile ilişkisini incelemek amacıyla, seçili 20 Avrupa ülkesi ve Türkiye'ye ait panel verileri kullanarak N2O salınımı için ÇKE ilişkisini araştırdık. Bu amaçla, 1992-2017 dönemine ait panel veri setine panel ARDL testi uyguladık. Panel ARDL sonuçlarına göre, N2O salınımı ile ekonomik büyüme arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı uzun vadeli bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Bu ilişki “N” şeklinde bir eğri oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi
• N2O salınımı
• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Panel ARDL

Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for N2O

Öz

N2O, one of the most harmful of greenhouse gases, causes great damage to the environment. Although it does not attract as much attention as CO2, policies to reduce the emission of this gas are of great importance for a sustainable environment and economy. As the untimely implementation of policies can lead to inefficiency and waste of scarce resources, their timings should be considered carefully. At this point, the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) approach makes a great contribution to the determination timings of policies. In this study, we investigated the EKC relation for N2O emission using the panel data of selected 20 European countries and Turkey, to examine the relationship between N2O emissions and economic growth. For this purpose, we applied the panel ARDL test to the panel data set for the period 1992-2017. According to the panel ARDL results, there is a statistically significant long-run relationship between N2O emission and economic growth. This relationship forms an "N" shaped curve.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Environmental Kuznets Curve
• N2O Emission
• Economic Growth
• Panel ARDL

Kaynakça

1. Al-Mulali, U., Ozturk, I., & Solarin, S. A. (2016). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in seven regions: The role of renewable energy. Ecological indicators, 67, 267-282.
2. Bo, S. (2011). A literature survey on environmental Kuznets curve. Energy Procedia, 5, 1322-1325
3. Chu, J. F., & Sek, S. K. (2014, July). Investigating the relationship between inflation and growth: Evidence from panel ARDL models. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1605, No. 1, pp. 943-948). American Institute of Physics.
4. Cruz, J. L. S., Granda, L. E. S., & Viteri, M. L. P. (2018). Methane emissions, economic growth and agriculture: evidence of environmental kuznets curve for Argentina. INNOVA Research Journal, 3(9), 157-171.
5. Davidson, E. A., & Kanter, D. (2014). Inventories and scenarios of nitrous oxide emissions. Environmental Research Letters, 9(10), 105012.
6. De Hoyos, R. E., and Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
7. Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: the role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489.
8. Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: a survey. Ecological economics, 49(4), 431-455.

9. Eratas, F., & Uysal, D. (2014). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımının "BRICT" Ülkeleri Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi / Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Application On " BRICT " Countries. Istanbul Üniversitesi Iktisat Fakültesi Mecmuasi, 64(1), 1 -25.
10. Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of economic research.
11. Haider, A., Bashir, A., & ul Husnain, M. I. (2020). Impact of agricultural land use and economic growth on nitrous oxide emissions: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Science of The Total Environment, 741, 140421.
12. Hollis, M., de Klein, C., Frame, D., Harvey, M., Manning, M., Reisinger, A., Kerr, S. & Robinson, A. (2016). Cows, sheep and science: A scientific perspective on biological emissions from agriculture (No. 1124-2019-2408).
13. Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74.
14. Jošić, H., Jošić, M., & Janečić, M. (2016). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve in the case of Croatia. Notitia-časopis za održivi razvoj, 2(1), 35-51.
15. Karadaş, H. A., & Işık, H. B. (2018). Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC): Is It Valid For Turkey?. Economic and Management Issues in Retrospect and Prospect, IJOPEC Publication Limited, UK, No: 2018/37: 283- 295. ISBN: 978-1-912503-58-2.
16. Karadaş, H. A. (2020a). Effect of Labor Force Education Level on Growth: An Analysis on Fragile Five Countries. A. Umut (Ed.), Contemporary Approaches in The Field of Economy, Finance and Management (s.43-58). Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
17. Karadaş, H. A. (2020b). Seçili N-11 Ülkelerinde İşgücü Eğitim Seviyesinin Ekonomiye Etkisi. N. Balıkçıoğlu (Ed.), Makroekonomik Göstergeler Çerçevesinde N -11 Ülkeleri (s.107-138). Orion Kitabevi.
18. Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
19. Koçbulut, Ö., and Barış, S. (2016). Avrupa Birliği Ülkelerinde İhracat ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Kadın İstihdamı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Aydın İktisat Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 22-39.
20. Koilo, V. (2019). Evidence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Unleashing the Opportunity of Industry 4.0 in Emerging Economies. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(3), 122.
21. Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American economic review, 45(1), 1-28.
22. Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
23. Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
24. Maraseni, T. N., & Qu, J. (2016). An international comparison of agricultural nitrous oxide emissions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 1256-1266.
25. Mercan, M., Peker, O., & Göçer, İ. (2015). Ham Petrol Fiyat Artışlarının Enflasyonist Etkisi: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri İçin Yapısal Kırılmalı Dinamik Panel Veri Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 16(2), 123-137.
26. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). (2009, August 28). Nitrous Oxide Now Top Ozone-depleting Emission. ScienceDaily. Retrieved September 11, 2020 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090827141344.htm
27. Pesaran, M. H., & Smith, R. (1995). Estimating long-run relationships from dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 68(1), 79-113.
28. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.
29. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross‐section dependence. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
30. Rose, S., & Lee, H. L. (2008). Non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions data for climate change economic analysis, GTAP Working Paper, N.43.
31. Şahinöz, A., & Fotourehchi, Z. (2013). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: İndirgenmiş ve Ayrıştırılmış Modellerle Ampirik Bir Analiz. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 199-224.
32. Saraç, Ş., & Yağlıkara, A. (2017). Environmental Kuznets Curve: The Evidence from BSEC Countries. Ege Academic Review, 17(2), 255-264.
33. Sinha, A., & Sengupta, T. (2019). Impact of energy mix on nitrous oxide emissions: an environmental Kuznets curve approach for APEC countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(3), 2613-2622.
34. Skiba, U., & Rees, B. (2014). Nitrous oxide, climate change and agriculture. CAB Rev, 9(010), 1-7.
35. Sterpu, M., Soava, G., & Mehedintu, A. (2018). Impact of Economic Growth and Energy Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Testing Environmental Curves Hypotheses on EU Countries. Sustainability, 10(9), 3327.
36. Şengönül, A., Karadaş, H. A., and Koşaroğlu, Ş. M. (2018). Turizme Dayalı Büyüme Hipotezinin OECD Üyesi Olan Akdeniz Ülkeleri için Analizi. Journal of International Social Research, 11(60).
37. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Understanding Global Warming Potentials. Retrieved September 20, 2020 from https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials
38. Winiwarter, W. (2005). The GAINS model for greenhouse gases-version 1.0: nitrous oxide (N2O). IIASA Interim Report. IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria: IR-05-055.
39. Yurttagüler, İ., & Kutlu, S. (2017). An econometric analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve: the case of Turkey. Alphanumeric Journal, 5(1), 115-126.
40. Yusuf, A. M., Abubakar, A. B., & Mamman, S. O. (2020). Relationship between greenhouse gas emission, energy consumption, and economic growth: evidence from some selected oil-producing African countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-9.
41. Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., & Fernandez, M. A. (2017, May). An environmental Kuznets curve for N2O emissions in Germany: an ARDL approach. In Natural Resources Forum (Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 119-127). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.