THE HEALING ARTS: ANALYSIS OF THE KNOWLEDGE FLOWS BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS OF INNOVATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL SECTOR

Öz

This paper examines the location of innovations within pharmaceutical technology, using U.S. patent citation data to trace the knowledge flows over time. It is clear that knowledge clustering is certainly present. Our study utilizes multivariate left-censored Tobit regression analysis to control for identifiable factors, to examine whether over time the distance between successive innovators has changed. We find the distance to be increasing significantly over time, both when considering all citations and only inter-city transfers

Anahtar Kelimeler

• pharmaceutical, health, patent, innovation, distance, geography, citation

Kaynakça

1. Empirical Assessment of Knowledge Spillovers and Creative Destruction in a Model of Economic Growth,” in Olivier J. Blanchard and Stanley Fischer, eds, NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1993, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
2. Dorfman, N.S. (1988) "Route 128: The Development of a Regional High
3. Technology Economy". The Massachusetts Miracle: High Technology and Economic Revitalization. D. Lampe, editor. MIT Press, Cambridge. Feldman, M.P. (1994) The Geography of Innovation. Kluwer Academic
4. Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands. Gelsing, L. (1992) "Innovation and Development of Industrial Networks".
5. National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. B. Lundvall, editor. Pinter Publishers, London. Graham, A. (2001) “The Assessment: Economics of the Internet”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 17(2): 145-158.
6. Hall, B.H., A.B. Jaffe and M.Trajtenberg (2001) "The NBER Patent Citations
7. Data File: Lessons, Insights and Methodological Tools". NBER Working Paper #8498.
8. Henderson, J.V. (1986) "Efficiency of Resource Usage and City Size". Journal of Urban Economics, 19: 47-70.

9. Jaffe, A.B. and M.Trajtenberg (1996) "Flows of Knowledge From Universities and Federal Labs: Modeling the Flow of Patent Citations Over Time and Across
10. Institutional and Geographic Boundaries", NBER Working Paper #5712.
11. Jaffe, A.B., M.Trajtenberg and R.Henderson (1993) "Geographic Localization of
12. Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations". Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108: 577-598. Jaffe, A.B., M.Trajtenberg and M.S.Fogarty (2000) “Knowledge Spillovers and Patent Citations: Evidence from a Survey of Inventors”. American Economic Review 90: 215-218.
13. Johnson, D.K.N. and A.Brown (2004) "How the West Has Won: Regional and Industrial Inversion in U.S. Patent Activity”. Economic Geography, 80(3): 241
14. Johnson, D.K.N. and K.M. Lybecker (2012) "Does distance matter less now? The changing role of geography in biotechnological innovation". Review of Industrial Organization 40(1): 21-35.
15. Johnson, D.K.N. and D. Popp (2003), ‘Forced Out of the Closet: The Impact of the American Inventors Protection Act on the Timing of Patent Disclosure’. Rand
16. Journal of Economics 34(1): 96-112. Lundvall, B.A. (1992) "User-Producer Relationships, National Systems of
17. Innovation and Internationalisation". National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. B. Lundvall, editor. Pinter Publishers, London. Maurseth, P.B. and B.Verspagen (1999) "Europe: one or several systems of innovation? An analysis based on patent citations". Economic Challenge to
18. Europe: Adapting to Innovation-Based Growth. Edward Elgar Publishing, London. Moore, J.A., D.K.N. Johnson and K.M. Lybecker (2012), “Sure, But Who Has the Energy? The Importance of Location for Knowledge Transfer in the Energy
19. Sector”. World Renewable Energy Forum Conference Proceedings, 2012.
20. Petersen, M.A. and R.G. Rajan (2002) “Does Distance Still Matter? The Information Revolution in Small Business Lending”. The Journal of Finance (6): 2533-2570.
21. Sjoholm, F. (1996) "International Transfer of Knowledge: The Role of
22. International Trade and Geographic Proximity". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, : 97-115. Smith, D. and R. Florida (1994) "Agglomeration and Industry Location: An
23. Econometric Analysis of Japanese-Affiliated Manufacturing Establishments in Automotive Related Industries". Journal of Urban Economics, 36: 23-41. Thompson, P. and M. Fox-Kean (2005), “Patent Citations and the Geography of
24. Knowledge Spillovers: A reassessment”. American Economic Review 95: 450- Vasileiadou, E. and R. Vliegenthart (2009) “Research Productivity in the Era of the Internet Revisited”. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1431457.
25. Von Hippel, E. (1994) "Sticky Information and the Locus of Problem-Solving".
26. Management Science, 40 : 429-439. World Intellectual Property Organization (2012) “IPC Green Inventory”. Website describing definitions http://www.wipo.int/classifications/ipc/en/est/, accessed March 16, 2012.