Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2019, , 64 - 79, 17.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.34109/ijefs.201911105

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2),179-211.
  • Ambrish, D.R. (2014). Entrepreneurship development: An approach to economic empowerment of female. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 1(6), 224-232.
  • Asian Development Bank. (2007). Technical Assistance Report. Promoting rural women’s entrepreneurship in transition economies. Asian Development Bank.
  • Athayde, R. (2012). The impact of enterprise education on attitudes to enterprise in young people: An evaluation study. Education and Training, 54(8/9), 709-725.
  • Avikaran, N.K. (1994). Developing an instrument to measure customer service quality in branch banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(6), 10-18.
  • Bobby-Evans, A. (2015). Apartheid Legislation in South Africa. http://africanhistory. about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm. Accessed: 2015/09/03.
  • Buttner, E.H. & Rosen, B. (1988). Bank loan officers' perceptions of the characteristics of men, women, and successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 249-258.
  • Buttner, E.H. (1993). Female entrepreneurs: How far have they come? Women in business. Business Horizons, 36(2), 59-68.
  • Clark, L.A. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
  • Crossman, A. (2017). Understanding purposive sampling. An overview of the methods and its applications. www.thoughtco.com. Accessed: 2017/09/23.
  • Delmar, F. & Wiklund, J. (2008). The effect of small business managers’ growth motivation on firm growth: A longitudinal study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3), 437-457.
  • DeMartino, R. & Barbato, R. (2003). Difference between women and men. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2003), 815-832.
  • DTI see Republic of South Africa. Department of Trade and Industry Fischer, E., Reuben, R.A. & Dyke, L.S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151-168.
  • GEM Consortium. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Key indicators – Adult population survey measures. http://www.gemconsortium.org/data/keyindicators. Accessed: 2017/05/24.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gicheva, D. & Link, A.N. (2015). The gender gap in federal and private support for entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 729-733.
  • Goffee, R. & Scase, R. (1983). Business ownership and women’s subordination: A preliminary study of female proprietors. The Sociological Review, 31(4), 625– 648.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J. & Kew, P. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. University of Cape Town. Cape Town: South Africa.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J. & Kew, P. (2015). 2014 GEM South Africa report: South Africa: The crossroads – a goldmine or a time bomb? University of Cape Town Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Cape Town: South Africa.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2014). Female’s entrepreneurship development: Encouraging female entrepreneurs for jobs and development. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/--- ifp_seed/documents/ publication/wcms_175471.pdf. Accessed: 2015/07/29.
  • Jayachandran, S. (2014). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~sjv340/roots_of_gender_inequality.pdf. Accessed: 2015/09/02.
  • Kaplin, E. (1988). Women entrepreneurs: Constructing a framework to examine venture success and business failure. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, (1988), 625–637.
  • Kim, M.S. & Hunter, J.E. (1993). Relationships among attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behavior: A meta-analysis of past research, part 2. Communication research, 20(3), 331-364.
  • Kim, S.M., & Sherraden, M. (2014). The impact of gender and social networks on microenterprise business performance. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 41, 49-69.
  • Knight, W.E. & Leimer, C.L. (2010). Will IR staff stick? An exploration of institutional researchers’ intention to remain in or leave their jobs. Research in Higher Education, 51(2), 109-131.
  • Kot, S., Meyer, N., & Broniszewska, A. (2016). A cross-country comparison of the characteristics of Polish and South African women entrepreneurs. Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 207-221. DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-4/13.
  • Makina, D., Fanta, A.B., Mutsonziwa, K., Khumalo, J. & Maposa, O. (2015).
  • Financial access and SME size in South Africa. Occasional Paper (001-2015). University of South Africa.
  • Maziku, P., Majenga, A. & Mashenene, G.R (2014). The effects of socio-cultural factors on the performance of women small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(21), 51-63.
  • Morrison, K.A. (1997). How franchise job satisfaction and personality affects performance, organizational commitment, franchisor relations, and intention to remain. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(3), 39-67.
  • Noseleit, F. (2014). Female self-employment and children. Small Business Economies, 43, 549-569. DOI 10.1007/s11187-014-9570-8.
  • Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Onyishi, I.E. & Agbo, A.A. (2010). Psychological empowerment and development of entrepreneurship among women: Implications for sustainable economic development in Nigeria. Gender and Behaviour, 8(2), 3048-3068.
  • Republic of South Africa. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). (2005). South African female entrepreneurs. A burgeoning force in our economy: A special report 2005. Pretoria: Government Printer.
  • SAHO see South Africa History Online Sailus, C. (2015). Feminism in the 19th century: Female’s rights, roles, and limits. http://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-in-the-19th-century-females-rightsroles-and-limits.html. Accessed: 2015/09/02.
  • Shelton, L.M. (2006). Female entrepreneurs, work–family conflict, and venture performance: New insights into the work–family interface. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 285-297.
  • Sivvam, M. (2012). Female entrepreneurship: An Indian perspective. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert.
  • South Africa History Online (SAHO). (1994). South African first democratic elections. http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africas-first-democraticelections. Accessed: 2016/01/21.
  • South African History Online (SAHO). (2011). Pass laws in South Africa 1800- 1994. http://www.sahistory.org.za/south-africa-1806-1899/pass-laws-south-africa1800-1994. Accessed: 2015/09/03.
  • SPSS - IBM Corporation. (2018). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0). Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation.
  • United Nations (UN). (2008). Female 2000 and beyond: Rural female in a changing world: Opportunities and challenges. Geneva: United Nations Publishers.
  • Veena, M. & Nagaraja, N. (2013). Comparison of male and female entrepreneurs: An empirical study. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 3(6), 138-143.
  • Verheul, I. & Thurik, R. (2001). Start-up capital: Does gender matter? Small Business Economics, 16(4), 329-346.
  • Walker, E. & Brown, A. (2004). What success factors are important to small business owners? International Small Business Journal, 22(6), 577-594.
  • Wiklund, J., Davidsson, P. & Delmar, F. (2003). What do they think and feel about growth? An expectancy‐ value approach to small business managers’ attitudes toward growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(3), 247-270.
  • Wilde, E.T., Batchelder, L. & Ellwood, D.T. (2010). The mommy track divides: The impact of childbearing on wages of women of differing skills levels. NBER Working Paper, 16582.

DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS

Yıl 2019, , 64 - 79, 17.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.34109/ijefs.201911105

Öz

Family responsibility has been identified as a potential unique female
entrepreneur challenge. Although some females may willingly enter into
entrepreneurial activity when having children as it may provide more work life
flexibility, some may be challenged by time restrictions especially when children
are still young. However, empirical data show that females who decide to become
self-employed may in many cases do so to enjoy higher flexibility but may be
restricted regarding growth and other factors such as finances, motivation and
support. In light of this, the purpose of this study is to identify differences
between two groups of South African female entrepreneurs: those with and those
without children. Differences were compared between groups considering several
factors such as, motivation, financial constraints, intention to grow the business
and socio-cultural barriers to name a few. The study followed a descriptive
research design using self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaires were
distributed to a purposive and convenience sample of female entrepreneurs from
all nine South African provinces resulting in a final sample of 510. Data were
analysed using reliability and validity analysis and Multiple Analysis of Variance
(MANOVA) and Analysis of Variances (ANOVA). Results indicated that the
only entrepreneurial variable or factors that were influenced by having children or
not were financial constraints, government support and socio-cultural barriers.
Factors such as intention to remain in business, intention to grow the business and
motivation returned non-statistically significant results for the said groups. The
results from this study link to previous findings indicating that differences were
observed between female entrepreneurs with children and those without. Further studies indicate that fewer differences were observed between male entrepreneurs
with children and those without children, therefore implying that the presence of
children among female entrepreneurs could be considered a unique challenge.

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2),179-211.
  • Ambrish, D.R. (2014). Entrepreneurship development: An approach to economic empowerment of female. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies, 1(6), 224-232.
  • Asian Development Bank. (2007). Technical Assistance Report. Promoting rural women’s entrepreneurship in transition economies. Asian Development Bank.
  • Athayde, R. (2012). The impact of enterprise education on attitudes to enterprise in young people: An evaluation study. Education and Training, 54(8/9), 709-725.
  • Avikaran, N.K. (1994). Developing an instrument to measure customer service quality in branch banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(6), 10-18.
  • Bobby-Evans, A. (2015). Apartheid Legislation in South Africa. http://africanhistory. about.com/library/bl/blsalaws.htm. Accessed: 2015/09/03.
  • Buttner, E.H. & Rosen, B. (1988). Bank loan officers' perceptions of the characteristics of men, women, and successful entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 3(3), 249-258.
  • Buttner, E.H. (1993). Female entrepreneurs: How far have they come? Women in business. Business Horizons, 36(2), 59-68.
  • Clark, L.A. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
  • Crossman, A. (2017). Understanding purposive sampling. An overview of the methods and its applications. www.thoughtco.com. Accessed: 2017/09/23.
  • Delmar, F. & Wiklund, J. (2008). The effect of small business managers’ growth motivation on firm growth: A longitudinal study. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(3), 437-457.
  • DeMartino, R. & Barbato, R. (2003). Difference between women and men. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2003), 815-832.
  • DTI see Republic of South Africa. Department of Trade and Industry Fischer, E., Reuben, R.A. & Dyke, L.S. (1993). A theoretical overview and extension of research on sex, gender, and entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(2), 151-168.
  • GEM Consortium. (2017). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Key indicators – Adult population survey measures. http://www.gemconsortium.org/data/keyindicators. Accessed: 2017/05/24.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Gicheva, D. & Link, A.N. (2015). The gender gap in federal and private support for entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 729-733.
  • Goffee, R. & Scase, R. (1983). Business ownership and women’s subordination: A preliminary study of female proprietors. The Sociological Review, 31(4), 625– 648.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J. & Kew, P. (2010). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. University of Cape Town. Cape Town: South Africa.
  • Herrington, M., Kew, J. & Kew, P. (2015). 2014 GEM South Africa report: South Africa: The crossroads – a goldmine or a time bomb? University of Cape Town Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Cape Town: South Africa.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2014). Female’s entrepreneurship development: Encouraging female entrepreneurs for jobs and development. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/--- ifp_seed/documents/ publication/wcms_175471.pdf. Accessed: 2015/07/29.
  • Jayachandran, S. (2014). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~sjv340/roots_of_gender_inequality.pdf. Accessed: 2015/09/02.
  • Kaplin, E. (1988). Women entrepreneurs: Constructing a framework to examine venture success and business failure. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, (1988), 625–637.
  • Kim, M.S. & Hunter, J.E. (1993). Relationships among attitudes, behavioral intentions, and behavior: A meta-analysis of past research, part 2. Communication research, 20(3), 331-364.
  • Kim, S.M., & Sherraden, M. (2014). The impact of gender and social networks on microenterprise business performance. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 41, 49-69.
  • Knight, W.E. & Leimer, C.L. (2010). Will IR staff stick? An exploration of institutional researchers’ intention to remain in or leave their jobs. Research in Higher Education, 51(2), 109-131.
  • Kot, S., Meyer, N., & Broniszewska, A. (2016). A cross-country comparison of the characteristics of Polish and South African women entrepreneurs. Economics and Sociology, 9(4), 207-221. DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-4/13.
  • Makina, D., Fanta, A.B., Mutsonziwa, K., Khumalo, J. & Maposa, O. (2015).
  • Financial access and SME size in South Africa. Occasional Paper (001-2015). University of South Africa.
  • Maziku, P., Majenga, A. & Mashenene, G.R (2014). The effects of socio-cultural factors on the performance of women small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(21), 51-63.
  • Morrison, K.A. (1997). How franchise job satisfaction and personality affects performance, organizational commitment, franchisor relations, and intention to remain. Journal of Small Business Management, 35(3), 39-67.
  • Noseleit, F. (2014). Female self-employment and children. Small Business Economies, 43, 549-569. DOI 10.1007/s11187-014-9570-8.
  • Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Onyishi, I.E. & Agbo, A.A. (2010). Psychological empowerment and development of entrepreneurship among women: Implications for sustainable economic development in Nigeria. Gender and Behaviour, 8(2), 3048-3068.
  • Republic of South Africa. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI). (2005). South African female entrepreneurs. A burgeoning force in our economy: A special report 2005. Pretoria: Government Printer.
  • SAHO see South Africa History Online Sailus, C. (2015). Feminism in the 19th century: Female’s rights, roles, and limits. http://study.com/academy/lesson/feminism-in-the-19th-century-females-rightsroles-and-limits.html. Accessed: 2015/09/02.
  • Shelton, L.M. (2006). Female entrepreneurs, work–family conflict, and venture performance: New insights into the work–family interface. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 285-297.
  • Sivvam, M. (2012). Female entrepreneurship: An Indian perspective. Saarbrücken, Germany: LAP Lambert.
  • South Africa History Online (SAHO). (1994). South African first democratic elections. http://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africas-first-democraticelections. Accessed: 2016/01/21.
  • South African History Online (SAHO). (2011). Pass laws in South Africa 1800- 1994. http://www.sahistory.org.za/south-africa-1806-1899/pass-laws-south-africa1800-1994. Accessed: 2015/09/03.
  • SPSS - IBM Corporation. (2018). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 25.0). Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation.
  • United Nations (UN). (2008). Female 2000 and beyond: Rural female in a changing world: Opportunities and challenges. Geneva: United Nations Publishers.
  • Veena, M. & Nagaraja, N. (2013). Comparison of male and female entrepreneurs: An empirical study. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, 3(6), 138-143.
  • Verheul, I. & Thurik, R. (2001). Start-up capital: Does gender matter? Small Business Economics, 16(4), 329-346.
  • Walker, E. & Brown, A. (2004). What success factors are important to small business owners? International Small Business Journal, 22(6), 577-594.
  • Wiklund, J., Davidsson, P. & Delmar, F. (2003). What do they think and feel about growth? An expectancy‐ value approach to small business managers’ attitudes toward growth. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(3), 247-270.
  • Wilde, E.T., Batchelder, L. & Ellwood, D.T. (2010). The mommy track divides: The impact of childbearing on wages of women of differing skills levels. NBER Working Paper, 16582.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

N Meyer Bu kişi benim

E Keyser Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Meyer, N., & Keyser, E. (2019). DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 11(1), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.34109/ijefs.201911105
AMA Meyer N, Keyser E. DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS. IJEFS. Haziran 2019;11(1):64-79. doi:10.34109/ijefs.201911105
Chicago Meyer, N, ve E Keyser. “DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 11, sy. 1 (Haziran 2019): 64-79. https://doi.org/10.34109/ijefs.201911105.
EndNote Meyer N, Keyser E (01 Haziran 2019) DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 11 1 64–79.
IEEE N. Meyer ve E. Keyser, “DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS”, IJEFS, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 64–79, 2019, doi: 10.34109/ijefs.201911105.
ISNAD Meyer, N - Keyser, E. “DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 11/1 (Haziran 2019), 64-79. https://doi.org/10.34109/ijefs.201911105.
JAMA Meyer N, Keyser E. DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS. IJEFS. 2019;11:64–79.
MLA Meyer, N ve E Keyser. “DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, c. 11, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 64-79, doi:10.34109/ijefs.201911105.
Vancouver Meyer N, Keyser E. DOES HAVING CHILDREN REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS. IJEFS. 2019;11(1):64-79.

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