DETERMINANTS OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF FREE HIGHER EDUCATION AMONG STUDENTS AT A SOUTH AFRICAN UNIVERSITY
Yıl 2016,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 161 - 176, 01.06.2016
Steven H. Dunga
Precious Mncayi
Öz
The debate on the mode of financing of higher education is not a new one. For decades, there have been opposing views and conflicting efforts in as far as the financing of higher education is concerned. Most developed countries have more or less settled on a regime that does not compromise on both quality and equity by introducing financing mechanisms that allow the needy to borrow money or commonly known as soft loans only payable after graduating and securing a job. In developing countries, there is still antagonism and a lot of frustration among students and parents in the sense that higher education is still not accessible by many and the financing of the same still excludes the majority of deserving students. Towards the end of 2015 and beginning of 2016, students in South African universities rose up to first demand no increment of their tuition and thereafter free higher education. This paper looks at the perceptions of free higher education among students at one of the universities in South Africa and also assesses the demographic characteristics that inform their cosmological point of view and hence the perceptions
Kaynakça
- AAI (The Africa-America Institute) (2015), The State of Education in Africa
- Report: A Report Card on the Progress, Opportunities and Challenges Confronting the African Education Sector, http://www.aaionline.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/09/AAI-SOE-report-2015-final.pdf [Accessed 14.06.2016].
- Adongo, Jonathan (2010), “Namibia”, (in: Pillay Pundy-Ed., Higher Education
- Financing in East and Southern Africa,), Somerset West: African Minds, pp.123- ) Altbach, Phillip (2012), African Higher Education Challenges: Economics and Research, education-challenges-economics-and-research [Accessed 30.06.2016].
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- Calitz, Estian and Fourie, Johan (2016), “The historically high cost of tertiary education in South Africa”, Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: 02/16.
- Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch & Bureau of Economic Research. Council on Higher Education (2004), Financing, documents/d000081/SA_HE_10years_Nov2004_Chapter11.pdf 04.2016]. www.che.ac.za/ Accessed:
- Department of Education (1996), Green Paper on Higher Education
- Transformation, Pretoria. Dunga, Steven (2013), Financing Higher Education in Malawi: Prospects,
- Challenges and Opportunities, (in: Teferra Damtew-Ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa,), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.184-213. ENCA (2016), “Freedom Charter Never Promised Free Higher Education:
- ANC”, 4 October 2016, https://www.enca.com/south-africa/freedom-charter- never-promised-free-higher-education-anc [Accessed: 05.10.2016]
- Govender, Prega (2016), Varsities brace for fee increase as Sasco warns of
- 'worse' protests than last year, Mail & Guardian, 21 Jul, sasco-warns-of-worse-protests-than-last-year [Accessed 23.08.16]. Gujarati, Damodar and Porter, Dawn (2009), Basic Econometrics, 5th edition, Boston: McGrwa-Hill.
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- Higher Education South Africa (HESA) (2014), Funding in South Africa: Context and Key Challenges, Presentation to the Parliament’s Standing Committee on
- Appropriations (SCOA), Cape Town Tuesday, 21 September 2014.
- Hull, George (2015), Free university education is not the route to social justice,
- Mail & Guardian, 28 Aug, http://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-28-free-university- education-is-not-the-route-to-social-justice [Accessed: 28.05.2016].
- Johnstone, Bruce (2003), Higher Education Finance and Accessibility: Tuition
- Fees and Student Loans in Sub Saharan Africa. Regional Training Conference on Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things That Work Accra, Ghana September 23-25, 2003.
- Johnstone, Bruce (2010), Financing Higher Education: Who Pays and Other Issues. dation_papers/(2009)_Financing_Higher_Education.pdf [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Karkkainen, Kiira (2006), Emergence of Private Higher Education Funding
- Within the OECD Area, Paris: OECD. Lesotho Council on Higher education (2012), Report on the State Of Higher
- Education in Lesotho, http://www.che.ac.ls/news/The%20Report%20on% the%20State%20of%20Higher %20Education%20in%20Lesotho.pdf Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Maslen, Geoff (2010), Africa: Higher Education is Financially Unsustainable,
- University World News, 8 Aug. http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php? story=20100806180216895 [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Mouton, Nelda, Louw, Gabriel, Strydom, Gert (2013), “Present-Day Dillemas and Challenges of the South African Tertiary System”, International Business &
- Economics Research Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.285-300. NDP see South Africa NSFAS see National Student Financial Aid Scheme. Ntshoe, Isaac and De Villiers, Pierre (2008), “Steering the South African Higher
- Education Sector Towards Transformation”, Perspectives in Education, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.17-27. National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) (2016), “Research to
- Understand What Research is Available”, NSFAS Working Paper Series 1. Pretoria: Department of Higher Education and Training. National Treasury (2016), Budget Review, Pretoria: Government Printer.
- Nzimande, Blade (2016), 2014/15 Annual Report: NSFAS Toward a Student- Centred Approach, 15.pdf [Accessed 30.09.16]. http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/reports/NSFAS%20AR%
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2015),
- Education at a Glance: OECD indicators, Paris: OECD. OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2014), State of Higher Education, Paris: OECD.
- Pfeffermann, Guy (2015), Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why the Neglect? http://mercatorxxi.com/merc/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Higher- education-in-sub-saharan-Africa.pdf [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Pillay, Pundy (2010), Higher Education Financing in East and Southern Africa,
- Somerset West: African Minds. Phungo, Roshuma (2015), University Fees: Free Higher Education is Possible in
- South Africa, Daily Maverick, 21 Oct, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/ 10-21-university-fees-free-higher-education-is-possible-in-south- africa/#.V8bgOfl96M8 [Accessed 18.08.2016].
- PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) (2016), Funding of Public Higher Education
- Institutions in South Africa, http://www.pwc.co.za/en/higher-education/Funding- public-higher-education-institutions-SA.html [Accessed 15.08.2016].
- PWC see PricewaterhouseCoopers Riddell, Craig and Song, Xueda (2011), “The Impact of Education on
- Unemployment Incidence and Re-Employment Success: Evidence from the U.S. Labour Market”, Institute of the Study of Labour Discussion Paper 5572.
- Germany: Institute of the Study of Labour. Siphambe, Happy (2010), “Botswana”, (in: Pillay Pundy-Ed., Higher Education
- Financing in East and Southern Africa,), Somerset West: African Minds, pp.7-27. South Africa (2012), National Development Plan 2030: Our Future, Make it
- Work, Pretoria: Government Printer. Tandwa, Lizeka (2016), We Will Blacklist Non-Paying Students – NSFAS, News , Jan 21, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/we-will-blacklist-non- paying-students-nsfas-20160121 [Accessed 28.06.2016].
- Teferra, Damtew and Altbach, Phillip (2004), “African Higher Education:
- Challenges for the 21 Century”, Higher Education, Vol. 47, pp.21-50. st Teferra, Damtew (2013), Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, New
- York: Palgrave MacMillan. Tilak, Jandhyala (2011), “Financing Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa”,
- Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.4-31. Tilak, Jandhyala (2015), “Global Trends in Funding Higher Education”,
- International Higher education, Vol. 42. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (2011), Financing Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Meeting the Challenges of Expansion, Equity and Quality, Paris: UNESCO.
- Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald and Cloete, Nico (2008), “Financing Higher Education in South Africa: Public Funding, Non-Government Revenue and Tuition Fees”,
- South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.906-919. Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald (2012), Tuition Fees and the Challenge of Making
- Higher Education a Popular Commodity in South Africa, High Edu, Vol. 64, pp.831-844. Weber, Luc (2005), The Nature and Scope of the Public Responsibility for Higher education and Research (in-Weber, Luc and Bergan, Sjur-Ed., The Public
- Responsibility for Higher Education and Research,), Council of Europe, pp.29-44. World Bank (2006), World Development Report: Equity and Development,
- Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. World Bank (2010), Financing Higher Education in Africa: Directions in
- Development. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.
Yıl 2016,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 161 - 176, 01.06.2016
Steven H. Dunga
Precious Mncayi
Kaynakça
- AAI (The Africa-America Institute) (2015), The State of Education in Africa
- Report: A Report Card on the Progress, Opportunities and Challenges Confronting the African Education Sector, http://www.aaionline.org/wp- content/uploads/2015/09/AAI-SOE-report-2015-final.pdf [Accessed 14.06.2016].
- Adongo, Jonathan (2010), “Namibia”, (in: Pillay Pundy-Ed., Higher Education
- Financing in East and Southern Africa,), Somerset West: African Minds, pp.123- ) Altbach, Phillip (2012), African Higher Education Challenges: Economics and Research, education-challenges-economics-and-research [Accessed 30.06.2016].
- Bakilana, Anne (2015), 7 Facts about population in Sub-Saharan Africa, The World Bank. http://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/7-facts-about-population-in- sub-saharan-africa [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Calitz, Estian and Fourie, Johan (2016), “The historically high cost of tertiary education in South Africa”, Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: 02/16.
- Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch & Bureau of Economic Research. Council on Higher Education (2004), Financing, documents/d000081/SA_HE_10years_Nov2004_Chapter11.pdf 04.2016]. www.che.ac.za/ Accessed:
- Department of Education (1996), Green Paper on Higher Education
- Transformation, Pretoria. Dunga, Steven (2013), Financing Higher Education in Malawi: Prospects,
- Challenges and Opportunities, (in: Teferra Damtew-Ed., Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa,), New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.184-213. ENCA (2016), “Freedom Charter Never Promised Free Higher Education:
- ANC”, 4 October 2016, https://www.enca.com/south-africa/freedom-charter- never-promised-free-higher-education-anc [Accessed: 05.10.2016]
- Govender, Prega (2016), Varsities brace for fee increase as Sasco warns of
- 'worse' protests than last year, Mail & Guardian, 21 Jul, sasco-warns-of-worse-protests-than-last-year [Accessed 23.08.16]. Gujarati, Damodar and Porter, Dawn (2009), Basic Econometrics, 5th edition, Boston: McGrwa-Hill.
- HESA see Higher Education South Africa Higher Education South Africa (HESA) (2008), Tuition Fees: Higher Education
- Institutions in South Africa, http://www.justice.gov.za/commissions/FeesHET/ docs/2008-HESA-Report-TuitionFeesInSA.pdf [Accessed 15.08.16].
- Higher Education South Africa (HESA) (2014), Funding in South Africa: Context and Key Challenges, Presentation to the Parliament’s Standing Committee on
- Appropriations (SCOA), Cape Town Tuesday, 21 September 2014.
- Hull, George (2015), Free university education is not the route to social justice,
- Mail & Guardian, 28 Aug, http://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-28-free-university- education-is-not-the-route-to-social-justice [Accessed: 28.05.2016].
- Johnstone, Bruce (2003), Higher Education Finance and Accessibility: Tuition
- Fees and Student Loans in Sub Saharan Africa. Regional Training Conference on Improving Tertiary Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Things That Work Accra, Ghana September 23-25, 2003.
- Johnstone, Bruce (2010), Financing Higher Education: Who Pays and Other Issues. dation_papers/(2009)_Financing_Higher_Education.pdf [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Karkkainen, Kiira (2006), Emergence of Private Higher Education Funding
- Within the OECD Area, Paris: OECD. Lesotho Council on Higher education (2012), Report on the State Of Higher
- Education in Lesotho, http://www.che.ac.ls/news/The%20Report%20on% the%20State%20of%20Higher %20Education%20in%20Lesotho.pdf Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Maslen, Geoff (2010), Africa: Higher Education is Financially Unsustainable,
- University World News, 8 Aug. http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php? story=20100806180216895 [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Mouton, Nelda, Louw, Gabriel, Strydom, Gert (2013), “Present-Day Dillemas and Challenges of the South African Tertiary System”, International Business &
- Economics Research Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp.285-300. NDP see South Africa NSFAS see National Student Financial Aid Scheme. Ntshoe, Isaac and De Villiers, Pierre (2008), “Steering the South African Higher
- Education Sector Towards Transformation”, Perspectives in Education, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp.17-27. National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) (2016), “Research to
- Understand What Research is Available”, NSFAS Working Paper Series 1. Pretoria: Department of Higher Education and Training. National Treasury (2016), Budget Review, Pretoria: Government Printer.
- Nzimande, Blade (2016), 2014/15 Annual Report: NSFAS Toward a Student- Centred Approach, 15.pdf [Accessed 30.09.16]. http://www.nsfas.org.za/content/reports/NSFAS%20AR%
- OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2015),
- Education at a Glance: OECD indicators, Paris: OECD. OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2014), State of Higher Education, Paris: OECD.
- Pfeffermann, Guy (2015), Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why the Neglect? http://mercatorxxi.com/merc/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Higher- education-in-sub-saharan-Africa.pdf [Accessed 10.05.2016].
- Pillay, Pundy (2010), Higher Education Financing in East and Southern Africa,
- Somerset West: African Minds. Phungo, Roshuma (2015), University Fees: Free Higher Education is Possible in
- South Africa, Daily Maverick, 21 Oct, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/ 10-21-university-fees-free-higher-education-is-possible-in-south- africa/#.V8bgOfl96M8 [Accessed 18.08.2016].
- PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) (2016), Funding of Public Higher Education
- Institutions in South Africa, http://www.pwc.co.za/en/higher-education/Funding- public-higher-education-institutions-SA.html [Accessed 15.08.2016].
- PWC see PricewaterhouseCoopers Riddell, Craig and Song, Xueda (2011), “The Impact of Education on
- Unemployment Incidence and Re-Employment Success: Evidence from the U.S. Labour Market”, Institute of the Study of Labour Discussion Paper 5572.
- Germany: Institute of the Study of Labour. Siphambe, Happy (2010), “Botswana”, (in: Pillay Pundy-Ed., Higher Education
- Financing in East and Southern Africa,), Somerset West: African Minds, pp.7-27. South Africa (2012), National Development Plan 2030: Our Future, Make it
- Work, Pretoria: Government Printer. Tandwa, Lizeka (2016), We Will Blacklist Non-Paying Students – NSFAS, News , Jan 21, http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/we-will-blacklist-non- paying-students-nsfas-20160121 [Accessed 28.06.2016].
- Teferra, Damtew and Altbach, Phillip (2004), “African Higher Education:
- Challenges for the 21 Century”, Higher Education, Vol. 47, pp.21-50. st Teferra, Damtew (2013), Funding Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa, New
- York: Palgrave MacMillan. Tilak, Jandhyala (2011), “Financing Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa”,
- Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.4-31. Tilak, Jandhyala (2015), “Global Trends in Funding Higher Education”,
- International Higher education, Vol. 42. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (2011), Financing Higher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Meeting the Challenges of Expansion, Equity and Quality, Paris: UNESCO.
- Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald and Cloete, Nico (2008), “Financing Higher Education in South Africa: Public Funding, Non-Government Revenue and Tuition Fees”,
- South African Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp.906-919. Wangenge-Ouma, Gerald (2012), Tuition Fees and the Challenge of Making
- Higher Education a Popular Commodity in South Africa, High Edu, Vol. 64, pp.831-844. Weber, Luc (2005), The Nature and Scope of the Public Responsibility for Higher education and Research (in-Weber, Luc and Bergan, Sjur-Ed., The Public
- Responsibility for Higher Education and Research,), Council of Europe, pp.29-44. World Bank (2006), World Development Report: Equity and Development,
- Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. World Bank (2010), Financing Higher Education in Africa: Directions in
- Development. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.