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THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 225 - 236, 01.12.2012

Öz

The indirect export route can often provide a low risk first stage in the internationalization process. Many enterprises, however, can become locked into the indirect export route and do not progress to direct export. It has been suggested that indirect exporting in China can be a double edged sword, and that it may prevent the accumulation of international experience and knowledge that organizations need to develop further. The aim of this research is to identify which of the selected barriers to export represent the greatest increase in perception of difficulty when considering the transition from indirect to direct export. This research identifies a range of 17 barriers that impact on small to medium sized enterprise (SME) export, from the export stream of literature, and then measures the perceptions of decision makers in the difficulty in overcoming these barriers when using the indirect and direct export routes. The differences in perception of the individual barriers between the export routes are a measure of the difficulty, through gaps in knowledge and resource, in moving from indirect to direct export. The research methodology adopted a quantitative approach and data was collected from 98 SME decision makers in the Chinese province of Ningxia, and was then subjected to statistical analysis. The findings include the wide differences in the perception of difficulty in accessing foreign distribution channels, the ability to obtain and understand information to operate in new markets, and finding reliable local representation when moving from indirect to direct export. In addition, two of the barriers are perceived as more difficult when using indirect export compared to direct export

Kaynakça

  • Acs, Z.J. and Terjesen, S. (2006), “Born Local: Two views of Internationalization”, Academy of Management Conference, August 11-16, Atlanta.
  • Balabanis, G.I. (2000), “Factors affecting export intermediaries’ service offerings: The British example”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 31, pp.83– 99.
  • Bilkey, W.J. (1978), “Attempted Integration of Literature on Export Behaviour of Firm”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 9, No. 6 pp.33–46.
  • Buckley, P.J., Clegg, L.J., Cross, A.R., Liu, X., Voss, H. and Zheng, P. (2007). “The Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp.499–518.
  • Cardoza, G. (1997), “Learning, Innovation, and Growth: A Comparative Policy Approach to East Asia and Latin America”, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.377-393.
  • Cavusgil, S.T. and Nevin, J.R. (1981), “Internal Determinants of Export Marketing Behaviour: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.114–119.
  • Chen, J. (2006), “Development of Chinese Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13, No.2, pp.140– 147.
  • Dalli, D. (1995), “The Organization of Exporting Activities: Relationships between Internal and External Arrangements”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.107–115.
  • Doole, I. and Lowe, R. (2001), International Marketing Strategy, London: Thomson Learning.
  • Fletcher, D. (2004), “International Entrepreneurship and the Small Business”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.289–305.
  • Hussain, J., Millman, C. and Matlay, H. (2006), “SME Financing in the UK and in China: A Comparative Perspective”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.584–599.
  • Jansson, H., Hilmersson, M. and Sandberg, S. (2008), “Collective Internationalization Processes of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises from China” in: AIB Annual Meeting, June 30-July 3, Milan.
  • Knight, G. (2000), “Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategy: The SME under Globalization”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.12–32.
  • Kogut, B. and Chang, S.J. (1996), “Platform Investments and Volatile Exchange Rates: Direct Investment in the U.S. by Japanese Electronic Companies”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp.221–232.
  • Leonidou, L. (1995a), “Empirical Research on Export Barriers: Review, Assessment, and Synthesis”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.29–43.
  • Leonidou, L. (1995b), “Export Barriers: Non-Exporters’ Perceptions”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.4–25.
  • Leonidou, L.C. (2004), “An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp.279–302.
  • Leonidou, L.C. and Katsikeas, C.S. (1996), “The Export Development Process: An Integrative Review of Empirical Models”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.517–551.
  • Li, L. (2004), “An Examination of Foreign Market Knowledge of Exporting Firms Based in the People’s Republic of China: It’s Determinants and Effects on Export Intensity”, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp.561–572.
  • Liu, X. (2007) “SME Development in China: A Policy Perspective on SME Industrial Clustering”, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia.
  • Liu, X.M., Xiao, W. and Huang, X.H. (2008), “Bounded Entrepreneurship and Internationalisation of Indigenous Chinese Private-Owned Firms”, International Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.488–508.
  • Naude, E. and Rossouw, S. (2010), “Early International Entrepreneurship in China: Extent and Determinants”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.87–111.
  • Peng, M.W. (2002), “Towards an Institution Based View of Business Strategy”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 19, No. 2-3, pp.251-267.
  • Peng, M.W. and York, A.S. (2001) “Behind Intermediary Performance in Export Trade: Transactions, Agents and Resources”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.327–346.
  • Roy, A., Walters, P.G. and Luk, S.T. (2001), “Chinese Puzzles and Paradoxes: Conducting Business Research in China”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp.203–210.
  • Sandberg, S. (2008), “Internationalization Patterns of Chinese SMEs: Take Off Nodes and Initial Stages of Internationalization”, in: EIBA Annual Conference, December 11-13, Tallin, Estonia.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003), Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, New York, Johan Wiley & Sons.
  • Singh, R.K., Garg, S.K. and Deshmukh, S.G. (2010) “The Competitiveness of SMEs in a Globalized Economy: Observations from China and India”, Management Research Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp.54–65.
  • Tesfom, G. and Lutz, C. (2006), “A Classification of Export Marketing Problems of Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries”, International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.262–281.
  • Weinberg, S.L. and Abramowitz, S.K. (2002), Data Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences using SPSS, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Welsh, L.S. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1980), “Initial Exports – A Marketing Failure”, The Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.322–44.
  • Zahra, S.A., Neubaum, D.O. and Huse, M. (1997), “The Effect of the Environment on Export Performance among Telecommunications New Ventures”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.25–46.
Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 225 - 236, 01.12.2012

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Acs, Z.J. and Terjesen, S. (2006), “Born Local: Two views of Internationalization”, Academy of Management Conference, August 11-16, Atlanta.
  • Balabanis, G.I. (2000), “Factors affecting export intermediaries’ service offerings: The British example”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 31, pp.83– 99.
  • Bilkey, W.J. (1978), “Attempted Integration of Literature on Export Behaviour of Firm”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 9, No. 6 pp.33–46.
  • Buckley, P.J., Clegg, L.J., Cross, A.R., Liu, X., Voss, H. and Zheng, P. (2007). “The Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp.499–518.
  • Cardoza, G. (1997), “Learning, Innovation, and Growth: A Comparative Policy Approach to East Asia and Latin America”, Science and Public Policy, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.377-393.
  • Cavusgil, S.T. and Nevin, J.R. (1981), “Internal Determinants of Export Marketing Behaviour: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp.114–119.
  • Chen, J. (2006), “Development of Chinese Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13, No.2, pp.140– 147.
  • Dalli, D. (1995), “The Organization of Exporting Activities: Relationships between Internal and External Arrangements”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.107–115.
  • Doole, I. and Lowe, R. (2001), International Marketing Strategy, London: Thomson Learning.
  • Fletcher, D. (2004), “International Entrepreneurship and the Small Business”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.289–305.
  • Hussain, J., Millman, C. and Matlay, H. (2006), “SME Financing in the UK and in China: A Comparative Perspective”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp.584–599.
  • Jansson, H., Hilmersson, M. and Sandberg, S. (2008), “Collective Internationalization Processes of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises from China” in: AIB Annual Meeting, June 30-July 3, Milan.
  • Knight, G. (2000), “Entrepreneurship and Marketing Strategy: The SME under Globalization”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.12–32.
  • Kogut, B. and Chang, S.J. (1996), “Platform Investments and Volatile Exchange Rates: Direct Investment in the U.S. by Japanese Electronic Companies”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp.221–232.
  • Leonidou, L. (1995a), “Empirical Research on Export Barriers: Review, Assessment, and Synthesis”, Journal of International Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.29–43.
  • Leonidou, L. (1995b), “Export Barriers: Non-Exporters’ Perceptions”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.4–25.
  • Leonidou, L.C. (2004), “An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp.279–302.
  • Leonidou, L.C. and Katsikeas, C.S. (1996), “The Export Development Process: An Integrative Review of Empirical Models”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.517–551.
  • Li, L. (2004), “An Examination of Foreign Market Knowledge of Exporting Firms Based in the People’s Republic of China: It’s Determinants and Effects on Export Intensity”, Industrial Marketing Management, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp.561–572.
  • Liu, X. (2007) “SME Development in China: A Policy Perspective on SME Industrial Clustering”, Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia.
  • Liu, X.M., Xiao, W. and Huang, X.H. (2008), “Bounded Entrepreneurship and Internationalisation of Indigenous Chinese Private-Owned Firms”, International Business Review, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.488–508.
  • Naude, E. and Rossouw, S. (2010), “Early International Entrepreneurship in China: Extent and Determinants”, Journal of International Entrepreneurship, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp.87–111.
  • Peng, M.W. (2002), “Towards an Institution Based View of Business Strategy”, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 19, No. 2-3, pp.251-267.
  • Peng, M.W. and York, A.S. (2001) “Behind Intermediary Performance in Export Trade: Transactions, Agents and Resources”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.327–346.
  • Roy, A., Walters, P.G. and Luk, S.T. (2001), “Chinese Puzzles and Paradoxes: Conducting Business Research in China”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp.203–210.
  • Sandberg, S. (2008), “Internationalization Patterns of Chinese SMEs: Take Off Nodes and Initial Stages of Internationalization”, in: EIBA Annual Conference, December 11-13, Tallin, Estonia.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003), Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, New York, Johan Wiley & Sons.
  • Singh, R.K., Garg, S.K. and Deshmukh, S.G. (2010) “The Competitiveness of SMEs in a Globalized Economy: Observations from China and India”, Management Research Review, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp.54–65.
  • Tesfom, G. and Lutz, C. (2006), “A Classification of Export Marketing Problems of Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms in Developing Countries”, International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp.262–281.
  • Weinberg, S.L. and Abramowitz, S.K. (2002), Data Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences using SPSS, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Welsh, L.S. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1980), “Initial Exports – A Marketing Failure”, The Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.322–44.
  • Zahra, S.A., Neubaum, D.O. and Huse, M. (1997), “The Effect of the Environment on Export Performance among Telecommunications New Ventures”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.25–46.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA36KF86NH
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Robin Stuart Bell Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Bell, R. S. (2012). THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 4(2), 225-236.
AMA Bell RS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES. IJEFS. Aralık 2012;4(2):225-236.
Chicago Bell, Robin Stuart. “THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 4, sy. 2 (Aralık 2012): 225-36.
EndNote Bell RS (01 Aralık 2012) THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 4 2 225–236.
IEEE R. S. Bell, “THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES”, IJEFS, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 225–236, 2012.
ISNAD Bell, Robin Stuart. “THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 4/2 (Aralık 2012), 225-236.
JAMA Bell RS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES. IJEFS. 2012;4:225–236.
MLA Bell, Robin Stuart. “THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, c. 4, sy. 2, 2012, ss. 225-36.
Vancouver Bell RS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERCEIVED DIFFICULTIES IN OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO DIRECT EXPORT WHEN MOVING FROM INDIRECT EXPORT: THE CASE OF CHINESE SMES. IJEFS. 2012;4(2):225-36.