BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN.

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 237 - 254, 01.12.2012

Öz

The formal environmental pollution control and regulatory system in Pakistan has
failed to achieve the policy objectives and targets to control growing pollution
levels in Pakistan. The ineffectiveness of the regulatory system underscores the
need to explore the potential use of informal approaches to control industrial
pollution. The focus group discussion with the stakeholders in the Korangi
industrial area revolve around a broad theme of environmental supply and
environmental demand indicators that form the basis for exploring the potential
use of informal regulations to complement a regulatory system, alongside
community activism.

Kaynakça

  • Afsah, Shakeb, Benoit Laplante, David Wheeler (1996), “Controlling Industrial
  • Pollution: A New Paradigm Policy” World Bank Policy Research Paper 1672.
  • Washington D.C.: World Bank. Birdsall, Nancy, & David Wheeler (1993), “Trade policy and industrial pollution in
  • Latin America: Where are the pollution havens?”Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 137–149. Dasgupta, Susmita, David Wheeler, (1997), Citizen Complaints as Environmental
  • Indicators: Evidence from China, World Bank Working Paper 1704, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Hartman, R., Mainul Huq and David Wheeler (1995) “Why Paper Mills Clean-up:
  • Results from a four-country survey in Asia”, Policy Research Department Working Paper, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC. Hettige, Mala and David Witzel, (1996), “Pollution Control Priorities for
  • Mexico”, World Bank,Policy Research Department (mimeo). Huq, Mainul and David Wheeler (1993), Pollution reduction without formal regulation: Evidence from Bangladesh. In: Environment Department Working
  • Paper, No. 1993-39, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Mookherjee, Dilip & Png, I P L, (1992), "Monitoring vis-a-vis Investigation in
  • Enforcement of Law," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, Vol. 82, No.3, pp 556-65. Mookherjee, Dilip & Png, I P L (1995), "Corruptible Law Enforcers: How Should
  • They Be Compensated?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, Vol.105, No 428, pp 145-59. Murty, Narasimha. and Ramana Prasad (1999), “Emissions Reduction and Influence of Local Communities in India”, in M.N. Murty, A.J. James and Smita
  • Misra (eds.), Economics of Industrial Pollution Abatement: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the Indian Experience, Delhi: Oxford University Press Pargal, Sheoli and David Wheeler, (1995), Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia. In: Policy Research
  • Department Working Paper, No. 1416, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Pargal, Sheoli and David Wheeler, (1996), "Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries: evidence from Indonesia", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 104 No.6, pp.1314-27.
  • Pargal, Sheoli., Mala Hettige, Manjula Singh, and David Wheeler (1997b),
  • “Formal and Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution: Comparative Evidence from Indonesia and the United States”, World Bank Economic Review, Vol.11 No.5, pp. 433-50. David Wheeler, et al. (2000), Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities,
  • SRO required all production units to immediately comply with the new standards after July 1994. Under the PEPA, , NEQS were revised with full consultation with the private sector, industrialists, trade and business associations and NGOs. The municipal and liquid industrial effluent standards cover 32 parameters. The standards for industrial gaseous emissions specify limits for 16 parameters and the standards for motor vehicles prescribe maximum permissible limits for smoke, carbon monoxide and noise.
  • Revised standards cover discharge limits of effluents into inland water, sewage treatment plants (operational) and the sea. SMRS was introduced in 1998 which takes into account the resources and interests of both the regulators and industries.
  • Table B: Socio-economic and environmental characteristics of KIA Korangi Industrial Area (KIA) Established in mid sixties, the KIA became operational in 1970. It is situated in the southeast of Karachi and spreads over 3,500 hectares. About 3,000 industrial and commercial units are currently in operation in the Karachi Industrial and Trading Estates (KITE)
  • (US$ 27 million) a day. Total gross exports for 8 from KIA amount to approx US65 million 4. Data obtained from the members of Korangi Association of Trade and Industry 2007
  • Korangi Association of Trade and Industry 2007
  • Table C: Category wise industries operating in KIA S.No Textile and Allied Leather and Allied Engineering works Food, Tobacco and Beverages Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals Plastic products Ice factories Paper products Chicken feed factories Wood and Allied Petrochemicals Rubber products Power plants Others Total Units Source: Korangi Association of Trade and Industry 2007 Appendix 4
Yıl 2012, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 237 - 254, 01.12.2012

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Afsah, Shakeb, Benoit Laplante, David Wheeler (1996), “Controlling Industrial
  • Pollution: A New Paradigm Policy” World Bank Policy Research Paper 1672.
  • Washington D.C.: World Bank. Birdsall, Nancy, & David Wheeler (1993), “Trade policy and industrial pollution in
  • Latin America: Where are the pollution havens?”Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 137–149. Dasgupta, Susmita, David Wheeler, (1997), Citizen Complaints as Environmental
  • Indicators: Evidence from China, World Bank Working Paper 1704, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Hartman, R., Mainul Huq and David Wheeler (1995) “Why Paper Mills Clean-up:
  • Results from a four-country survey in Asia”, Policy Research Department Working Paper, Development Research Group, World Bank, Washington, DC. Hettige, Mala and David Witzel, (1996), “Pollution Control Priorities for
  • Mexico”, World Bank,Policy Research Department (mimeo). Huq, Mainul and David Wheeler (1993), Pollution reduction without formal regulation: Evidence from Bangladesh. In: Environment Department Working
  • Paper, No. 1993-39, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Mookherjee, Dilip & Png, I P L, (1992), "Monitoring vis-a-vis Investigation in
  • Enforcement of Law," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, Vol. 82, No.3, pp 556-65. Mookherjee, Dilip & Png, I P L (1995), "Corruptible Law Enforcers: How Should
  • They Be Compensated?," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, Vol.105, No 428, pp 145-59. Murty, Narasimha. and Ramana Prasad (1999), “Emissions Reduction and Influence of Local Communities in India”, in M.N. Murty, A.J. James and Smita
  • Misra (eds.), Economics of Industrial Pollution Abatement: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the Indian Experience, Delhi: Oxford University Press Pargal, Sheoli and David Wheeler, (1995), Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries: Evidence from Indonesia. In: Policy Research
  • Department Working Paper, No. 1416, Washington D.C.: World Bank.
  • Pargal, Sheoli and David Wheeler, (1996), "Informal regulation of industrial pollution in developing countries: evidence from Indonesia", Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 104 No.6, pp.1314-27.
  • Pargal, Sheoli., Mala Hettige, Manjula Singh, and David Wheeler (1997b),
  • “Formal and Informal Regulation of Industrial Pollution: Comparative Evidence from Indonesia and the United States”, World Bank Economic Review, Vol.11 No.5, pp. 433-50. David Wheeler, et al. (2000), Greening Industry: New Roles for Communities,
  • SRO required all production units to immediately comply with the new standards after July 1994. Under the PEPA, , NEQS were revised with full consultation with the private sector, industrialists, trade and business associations and NGOs. The municipal and liquid industrial effluent standards cover 32 parameters. The standards for industrial gaseous emissions specify limits for 16 parameters and the standards for motor vehicles prescribe maximum permissible limits for smoke, carbon monoxide and noise.
  • Revised standards cover discharge limits of effluents into inland water, sewage treatment plants (operational) and the sea. SMRS was introduced in 1998 which takes into account the resources and interests of both the regulators and industries.
  • Table B: Socio-economic and environmental characteristics of KIA Korangi Industrial Area (KIA) Established in mid sixties, the KIA became operational in 1970. It is situated in the southeast of Karachi and spreads over 3,500 hectares. About 3,000 industrial and commercial units are currently in operation in the Karachi Industrial and Trading Estates (KITE)
  • (US$ 27 million) a day. Total gross exports for 8 from KIA amount to approx US65 million 4. Data obtained from the members of Korangi Association of Trade and Industry 2007
  • Korangi Association of Trade and Industry 2007
  • Table C: Category wise industries operating in KIA S.No Textile and Allied Leather and Allied Engineering works Food, Tobacco and Beverages Pharmaceuticals and Chemicals Plastic products Ice factories Paper products Chicken feed factories Wood and Allied Petrochemicals Rubber products Power plants Others Total Units Source: Korangi Association of Trade and Industry 2007 Appendix 4
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA53CN97PV
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Samina Khalil Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Khalil, S. (2012). DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, 4(2), 237-254.
AMA Khalil S. DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN. IJEFS. Aralık 2012;4(2):237-254.
Chicago Khalil, Samina. “DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 4, sy. 2 (Aralık 2012): 237-54.
EndNote Khalil S (01 Aralık 2012) DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 4 2 237–254.
IEEE S. Khalil, “DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN”., IJEFS, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 237–254, 2012.
ISNAD Khalil, Samina. “DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies 4/2 (Aralık 2012), 237-254.
JAMA Khalil S. DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN. IJEFS. 2012;4:237–254.
MLA Khalil, Samina. “DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN”. International Journal of Economics and Finance Studies, c. 4, sy. 2, 2012, ss. 237-54.
Vancouver Khalil S. DO INFORMAL METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION WORK? A CASE OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION IN PAKISTAN. IJEFS. 2012;4(2):237-54.