NOTHING VENTURED NOTHING GAINED: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN FINANCIAL RISK BEHAVIOR AMONG TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 322 - 334, 01.06.2013
Serkan Çankaya
Meltem Ucal
Mary Lou O’neil
Öz
Our study examines issues of risk attitude and risk tolerance among Turkish
university students. We surveyed 725 students regarding their attitudes toward
risk and asked them to respond to several hypothetical situations concerning
possible financial gain and/or loss. Using parametric and nonparametric tests, we
examined their risk tolerance and risk attitude as well as their propensity for risk
taking behavior. In line with much of the literature, we found women students to
be more risk adverse than men. The gender difference increased as risk increased.
The importance of this research lies in the portrait it provides of attitudes toward
risk and risk tolerance among young people in an emerging market. In particular,
for the ways that gender may affect any number of financial decisions over the
course of an individual's life.
Kaynakça
- Anbar, Adem, Melek Eker (2010), “An Empirical Investigation for Determining of the Relation Between Personal Financial Risk Tolerance and Demographic Characteristic”,
- Ege Academic Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.503-523. Barber, Brad, Terrance Odeon (2001), “Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 116, No. 1, pp.261-292.
- Bernasek, Alexandra, Stephanie Shwiff (2001), “Gender, Risk, and Retirement”, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35, No.2, pp. 345-56.
- Bromiley, Philip, Shawn Curley (1992), “Individual Differences in Risk Taking”, (in:
- Yates, Frank-Ed., Risk-Taking Behavior,) Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 87-131. Cordell, David (2002), “Risk Tolerance in Two Dimensions”, Journal of Financial Planning, Vol. 15, pp.30-33.
- Demirel, Engin, Süleyman Gökhan Günay (2011), “Financial Risk Taking Behavior
- Comparisons between two Different Countries Based on Demographic Factors: Turkey and Macedonia Case”, Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, Vol. 10, pp.111-120. Donkers, Bas, Bertrand Melenberg and Arthur Van Soest (2001), “Estimating Risk
- Attitudes Using Lotteries: A Large Sample Approach”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol.22, No.2, pp.165-95. Diskson, Gordon (1982), “A Comparison of Attitudes Towards Risk among Business
- Managers”, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Vol.23, No.7, pp. 89-97. Eagly, Alice Hendrickson (1995), “The Science and Politics of Comparing Women and Men”, American Psychologist, Vol.50, pp.145–158.
- Eckel, Catherine, Philip Grossman (2002), “Sex Differences and Statistical Stereotyping in Attitudes Toward Financial Risk”, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol.23, No.4, pp.281-295.
- Galasic, Mirta, Michael Bosnjak (2009), “M. Effects of Questionnaire Length on
- Participation and Indicators of Response Quality in a Web Survey”, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.73, No.2, pp.349-360. Grable, John, Ruth Lytton (1999) “Financial risk tolerance revisited: The development of a risk assessment instrument”, Financial Services Review, Vol.8, pp. 163-181.
- Grinblatt, Mark, Matti Keloharju (2009), “Sensation Seeking, Overconfidence, and Trading Activity”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, No.2, pp.549-578.
- Hsee, Christopher, Elke Weber (1999), “Cross-national differences in risk preferences and lay predictions for the differences”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol.12, No.2, pp.165-179.
- Johnson, Jonnie, Philip Powell (1994), “Decision making, risk and gender: Are managers different?”, British Journal of Management, Vol.5, pp.123-138.
- Kahneman, Daniel, Amos Tversky (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”, Econometrica, Vol.47, No.2, pp.263-291.
- Leigh, Barbara (1999), “Peril, chance, and adventure: Concepts of risk, alcohol use and risky behavior in young adults”, Addiction, Vol.94, No.3, pp.371–383.
- Levin, Irwin, Mary Snyder and Daniel Chapman (1988), “The Interaction of Experiential and Situational Factors and Gender in a Simulated Risky Decision-Making Task.” The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, Vol.122, No.2, pp.173-81.
- Miller, Paul, Nancy Fagkey and Nancy Casella (2009), “Effects of problem frame and gender on principals’ decision making”, Social Psychology of Education, Vol.12, No.3, pp.397-413.
- Unger, Rhoda (1990), “Imperfect reflections of reality: Psychology constructs gender”,
- (in: Rachel Hare, Mustin and Jeanne Marecek-Ed., Making a Difference; Psychology and the Construction of Gender,), Yale University Press, New Haven, USA, pp.107 Powell, Gary (1990), “One more time: Do male and female managers differ?”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol.4, No.3, pp.68–75.
- Powell, Melanie, David Ansic (1997), “Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour in
- Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental Analysis”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol.18, No.6, pp.605-628. Prince, Melvin (1993), “Women, men and money styles”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol.14, No.1, pp.175-182.
- Schubert, Renate, (2006), “Analyzing and managing risks – on the importance of gender differences in risk attitudes”, Managerial Finance, Vol.32, No.9, pp. 706-715.
- Schubert, Renate, Brown Martin, Matthias Gysler and Hans Wolfgang Brachinger (1999),
- “Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?”, The American Economic Review, Vol.89, No.2, pp.381-385. Tutek Hülya., Berna Aydoğan, Gökçe Tunç, Gülin Vardar (2010), “The impact of gender differences on financial risk perceptions (Finansal risk algılamalarında cinsiyet farklılığının etkisi), İktisat İşletme ve Finans, Vol.25, No.292, pp.47-70.
- Zinkhan, George, Kiran Karande (1991), “Cultural and gender differences in risk taking behavior among American and Spanish decision-makers”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.131, No.5, pp.741-742.
- Weber, Elke, Ann-Renee Blais and Nancy Betz (2002), “A Domain-specific Risk-attitude
- Scale: Measuring Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviors”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol.15, pp.263–290.
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 322 - 334, 01.06.2013
Serkan Çankaya
Meltem Ucal
Mary Lou O’neil
Kaynakça
- Anbar, Adem, Melek Eker (2010), “An Empirical Investigation for Determining of the Relation Between Personal Financial Risk Tolerance and Demographic Characteristic”,
- Ege Academic Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp.503-523. Barber, Brad, Terrance Odeon (2001), “Boys will be boys: gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 116, No. 1, pp.261-292.
- Bernasek, Alexandra, Stephanie Shwiff (2001), “Gender, Risk, and Retirement”, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 35, No.2, pp. 345-56.
- Bromiley, Philip, Shawn Curley (1992), “Individual Differences in Risk Taking”, (in:
- Yates, Frank-Ed., Risk-Taking Behavior,) Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 87-131. Cordell, David (2002), “Risk Tolerance in Two Dimensions”, Journal of Financial Planning, Vol. 15, pp.30-33.
- Demirel, Engin, Süleyman Gökhan Günay (2011), “Financial Risk Taking Behavior
- Comparisons between two Different Countries Based on Demographic Factors: Turkey and Macedonia Case”, Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, Vol. 10, pp.111-120. Donkers, Bas, Bertrand Melenberg and Arthur Van Soest (2001), “Estimating Risk
- Attitudes Using Lotteries: A Large Sample Approach”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol.22, No.2, pp.165-95. Diskson, Gordon (1982), “A Comparison of Attitudes Towards Risk among Business
- Managers”, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Vol.23, No.7, pp. 89-97. Eagly, Alice Hendrickson (1995), “The Science and Politics of Comparing Women and Men”, American Psychologist, Vol.50, pp.145–158.
- Eckel, Catherine, Philip Grossman (2002), “Sex Differences and Statistical Stereotyping in Attitudes Toward Financial Risk”, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol.23, No.4, pp.281-295.
- Galasic, Mirta, Michael Bosnjak (2009), “M. Effects of Questionnaire Length on
- Participation and Indicators of Response Quality in a Web Survey”, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol.73, No.2, pp.349-360. Grable, John, Ruth Lytton (1999) “Financial risk tolerance revisited: The development of a risk assessment instrument”, Financial Services Review, Vol.8, pp. 163-181.
- Grinblatt, Mark, Matti Keloharju (2009), “Sensation Seeking, Overconfidence, and Trading Activity”, Journal of Finance, Vol. 64, No.2, pp.549-578.
- Hsee, Christopher, Elke Weber (1999), “Cross-national differences in risk preferences and lay predictions for the differences”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol.12, No.2, pp.165-179.
- Johnson, Jonnie, Philip Powell (1994), “Decision making, risk and gender: Are managers different?”, British Journal of Management, Vol.5, pp.123-138.
- Kahneman, Daniel, Amos Tversky (1979), “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk”, Econometrica, Vol.47, No.2, pp.263-291.
- Leigh, Barbara (1999), “Peril, chance, and adventure: Concepts of risk, alcohol use and risky behavior in young adults”, Addiction, Vol.94, No.3, pp.371–383.
- Levin, Irwin, Mary Snyder and Daniel Chapman (1988), “The Interaction of Experiential and Situational Factors and Gender in a Simulated Risky Decision-Making Task.” The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, Vol.122, No.2, pp.173-81.
- Miller, Paul, Nancy Fagkey and Nancy Casella (2009), “Effects of problem frame and gender on principals’ decision making”, Social Psychology of Education, Vol.12, No.3, pp.397-413.
- Unger, Rhoda (1990), “Imperfect reflections of reality: Psychology constructs gender”,
- (in: Rachel Hare, Mustin and Jeanne Marecek-Ed., Making a Difference; Psychology and the Construction of Gender,), Yale University Press, New Haven, USA, pp.107 Powell, Gary (1990), “One more time: Do male and female managers differ?”, Academy of Management Executive, Vol.4, No.3, pp.68–75.
- Powell, Melanie, David Ansic (1997), “Gender Differences in Risk Behaviour in
- Financial Decision-Making: An Experimental Analysis”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol.18, No.6, pp.605-628. Prince, Melvin (1993), “Women, men and money styles”, Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol.14, No.1, pp.175-182.
- Schubert, Renate, (2006), “Analyzing and managing risks – on the importance of gender differences in risk attitudes”, Managerial Finance, Vol.32, No.9, pp. 706-715.
- Schubert, Renate, Brown Martin, Matthias Gysler and Hans Wolfgang Brachinger (1999),
- “Financial Decision-Making: Are Women Really More Risk-Averse?”, The American Economic Review, Vol.89, No.2, pp.381-385. Tutek Hülya., Berna Aydoğan, Gökçe Tunç, Gülin Vardar (2010), “The impact of gender differences on financial risk perceptions (Finansal risk algılamalarında cinsiyet farklılığının etkisi), İktisat İşletme ve Finans, Vol.25, No.292, pp.47-70.
- Zinkhan, George, Kiran Karande (1991), “Cultural and gender differences in risk taking behavior among American and Spanish decision-makers”, Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.131, No.5, pp.741-742.
- Weber, Elke, Ann-Renee Blais and Nancy Betz (2002), “A Domain-specific Risk-attitude
- Scale: Measuring Risk Perceptions and Risk Behaviors”, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, Vol.15, pp.263–290.