PRECURSORS OF EARTHQUAKES: VLF SIGNALS-IONOSPHERE RELATION

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 240 - 253, 01.12.2012

Mustafa Ulas Fikret Ata Hasan H. Balık

Öz

A lot of people have died because of earthquakes every year. Therefore It is crucial to predict the time of the earthquakes reasonable time before it had happed. This paper presents recent information published in the literature about precursors of earthquakes. The relationships between earthquakes and ionosphere are targeted to guide new researches in order to study further to find novel prediction methods

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquake prediction, VLF, ionospheres

Kaynakça

• Gokhberg, M., Gufeld, I., Rozhnoy, A., Marenko, V., Yampolsky, V., Ponomarev, E., 1989. Study of seismic influence on the ionosphere by super long-wave probing waveguide, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.
• Hayakawa, M., 1999. Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes, Terra Sci. Pub. Co.
• Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, A., 2000. Effect Of Earthquakes On Lower Ionosphere As Found By Subionospheric VLF Propagation, Adv. Space Res, 1273- 1276.
• Hayakawa, M., Ohta, K., Maekawa, S., Yamauchi, T., Ida, Y., Gotoh, T., Yonaiguchi, N., Sasaki, H., Nakamura, T., 2006.. Electromagnetic precursors to the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture, Phys. Chem. Earth, 356-364.
• Hayakawa, M., 2008. Subionospheric VLF/LF perturbations associated with earthquakes (earthquake prediction), SICE Annual Conference 2008. of ionospheric
• Hayakawa, M., Molchanov, O., Ondoh, T., Kawai, E., 1996. The precursory signature effect of the Kobe earthquake on
• TEC differences were calculated in the
• equation Error Reference source not found.
• by the data derived from the earthquake
• happened in El Salvador on the 13thof
• February 2001[Karatay (2010)]. VLF subionospheric signals, J. Commun. Res. Lab., Sayı 43, 169–180, Tokyo. Horie, T., Maekawa, T., Yamauchi, S., Hayakawa, M., 2006. A possible effect of
• ionospheric perturbations for the Sumatra
• earthquake, as revealed from
• Earthquake Precursor, Geoscience and
• Remote Sensing Symposium,2009 IEEE
• International, IGARSS 2009, s. 518-521.
• Shvets, A., Hayakawa, M. & Maekawa,
• İyonküredeki Toplam Elektron İçeriği
• Arasındaki İlişkinin Araştırılması, Fırat
• Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü,
• Doktora Tezi, Elazığ. Deprem İle
• Kouris, S., Polimeris, K., Cander, L., 2006. Specifications of TEC variability. Advances in Space Research, 983-1004.
• Liu, J., Chuo, Y., Shan, S., Tsai, C., Tsai, Y., Chen, Y., Pulinets, S. A., Yu, S., 2004. Preearthquake registered by continuous GPS TEC measurements. Annales Geophysicae, 1585-1593. anomalies
• Molchanov, O., Hayakawa, M., Oudoh, T., Kawai, E., 1998. Precursory effects in the subionospheric VLF signals for the Kobe earthquake. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, s. 239-248.
• Molchanov, O., M. Hayakawa, Miyaki, K., 2001. VLF/LF sounding of the lower ionosphere to study the role of atmospheric lithosphere-ionosphere coupling, Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res., s. 146-158.
• Muto, F,. Horie, T., Yoshida, M., Hayakawa, M., Rozhnoi, A., Solovieva, M., Molchanov, O. A., 2009. Ionospheric perturbations related to the Miyagi-oki earthquake on 16 August 2005, as seen from Japanese VLF/LF subionospheric propagation Chemistry of the Earth, s. 449-455. Physics and
• Pierce, E., 1976. Atmospheric electricity and earthquake prediction, Geophys. Res. Lett., s. 185-188.
• Plotkin, V., 2003. GPS detection of
• ionospheric perturbations before the 13 February 2001 El Salvador earthquake, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Sciences, s. 249-253.
• Pulinets, S., 2004. Ionospheric procesors of earthquakes; recent advances in theory and practical applications, TAO, s. 413- 435.
• Saç, M., Camgöz, B., 2005. İzmir'de Sismik Konsantrasyonları Korelasyonun İle Radon Arasındaki İncelenmesi, DEÜ 13.02.2012, http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/other/qua ke1.html
• URL-2, 2011. http://deprem.itu.edu.tr. 13 Ağustos 2011 [23] URL-3, 2011. http://deprem.itu.edu.tr/?file=harici. Mart 2011 10
• Üstündağ, B., Kalenderli, Ö., Eyidoğan, H., 2004. Multilayer capacitor model of the Earth’s Upper Crust. TÜBİTAK: Elektrik – Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences.
• Yamauchia, T., Maekawaa, S., Horiea, T., Hayakawaa, M., Solovievb, O., 2007. Subionospheric VLF/LF monitoring of ionospheric perturbations for the 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake and their structure and dynamics, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics.
• Zmazek, B., Zivcic, M., Vaupotic, J., Bidovec, M., Poljak, M., Kobal, I., 2002. Soil radon monitoring in the Kr$sko Basin, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, pp. 649-657, Slovenia. Mühendislik Mühendislik Dergisi, s. 47-54. Fen ve
• Sato, T., Takumi, I., Hata, M., Yasukawa,
• H., 2009. Detection And Radiation Area Estimation Of Anomalous Environmental Electromagneticwave Related To