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THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON UNEMPLOYMENT: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR BRICS-T COUNTRIES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 45 - 53

Öz

In this study, the impact of financial development on unemployment for BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) between 1994 and 2021 is analyzed using panel data analysis. The results of the analysis show that financial development has a statistically significant effect on unemployment rates. In particular, a 1% increase in financial development is found to increase the unemployment rate by 0.5213%. This finding indicates that financial development may have negative effects on the labor market, especially if it is directed towards capital-intensive sectors.
In this study, the effects of financial development on unemployment are comprehensively investigated using panel data analysis method. The findings revealed the existence of autocorrelation problem in the random effects model. The presence of inter-unit correlation is tested in detail with the Friedman test. According to the Driscoll-Kraay robust estimator results, the labor force variable is found to have a statistically significant effect. Moreover, employment rates analyzed as a control variable also show a significant relationship. In general, it is concluded that financial development may reduce unemployment in the short run, but there is no significant relationship between these two variables in the long run. In the case of Turkey, the positive effects of financial development on unemployment are highlighted and it is emphasized that this situation should be questioned in depth with various economic and social factors. This study offers important implications for policymakers and helps them understand the implications of financial reforms on labor markets.

Etik Beyan

ETİK KURUL İZNİ ALINMASI GEREKEN BİR ÇALIŞMA DEĞİLDİR

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P., Howitt, P., & Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2005). The effect of financial development on convergence: Theory and evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 173–222.
  • Ang, J. B. (2008). A survey of recent developments in the literature of finance and growth. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(3), 536–576.
  • Arestis, P., & Demetriades, P. O. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: Assessing the evidence. Economic Journal, 107(442), 783–799.
  • Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333.
  • Bayar, Y. (2016). Financial development and unemployment in emerging market economies. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 63(2), 237–245.
  • Beck, T., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2009). Financial institutions and markets across countries and over time: Data and analysis (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4943).
  • Benmelech, E., Bergman, N. K., & Seru, A. (2011). Financing labour (Working Paper No. 17144). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Bertrand, M., Schoar, A., & Thesmar, D. (2007). Banking deregulation and industry structure: Evidence from the French banking reforms of 1985. Journal of Finance, 62(2), 597–628.
  • Boustanifar, H. (2014). Finance and employment: Evidence from U.S. banking reforms. Journal of Banking & Finance, 46, 343–354.
  • Castillo, P. J. (2009). Unemployment threat of the financial crisis. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 9(1), 41–46.
  • Chen, M., & Qian, Z. (2021). Financial reforms and labour market dynamics in China: Evidence from structural shifts. Journal of Asian Economics, 74, 101325.
  • Chen, T. C., Kim, D. H., & Lin, S. C. (2021). Nonlinearity in the effects of financial development and financial structure on unemployment. Economic Systems, 45(1), 100–766.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2012). Financial inclusion in developing countries: An overview (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6088).
  • Epstein, G., & Heintz, J. (2006). Monetary policy and financial sector reform for employment creation and poverty reduction in Ghana. International Poverty Centre, 2.
  • Gatti, D., Rault, C., & Vaubourg, A. G. (2009). Unemployment and finance: How do financial and labour factors interact? (CESifo Working Paper No. 2901).
  • Greenwood, J., & Jovanovic, B. (1990). Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 1076–1107.
  • Han, K. C. (2009). Unemployment, financial hardship, and savings in individual development accounts. Journal of Poverty, 13(1), 74–95.
  • Kanberoğlu, Z. (2014). Finansal sektör gelişimi ve işsizlik: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 83–93.
  • Karaçayır, E., & Karaçayır, E. (2016). Yurtiçi kredi hacminin işsizlik üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye uygulaması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(30), 13–18.
  • King, R. G., & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717–737.
  • Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: Views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688–726.
  • McKinnon, R. I. (1973). Money and capital in economic development. Brookings Institution Press.
  • Merton, R. C. (1992). Financial innovation and economic performance. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 4(4), 12–22.
  • Monacelli, T., Quadrini, V., & Trigari, A. (2012). Financial markets and unemployment (Paolo Baffi Centre Research Paper Series No. 2012-129).
  • Öztürk, H. (2020). Türkiye’de finansal gelişim ve istihdam: Teorik ve ampirik bir değerlendirme. İktisat ve Finans Dergisi, 65(2), 89–110.
  • Pagano, M. (1993). Financial markets and growth: An overview. European Economic Review, 37(2–3), 613–622.
  • Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1998). Financial dependence and growth. American Economic Review, 88(3), 559–586.
  • Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press.
  • Shabbir, G., Anwar, S., Hussain, Z., & Imran, M. (2012). Contribution of financial sector development in reducing unemployment in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(1), 260–268.
  • Shaw, E. S. (1973). Financial deepening in economic development. Oxford University Press.
  • Suki, L. (2006). Remittances in Serbia and financial sector development: Business opportunities and priorities for investment. Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development, The Earth Institute at Columbia University.
  • Tatoğlu, Y. F. (2020). Panel veri ekonometrisi. Beta Yayını.
  • Tuğcu, C. T., & Aslan, A. (2012). Financial development and employment: A VAR analysis for the case of Turkey. Clute Institute International Conference, Rome, Italy, 561–565.

FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN İŞSİZLİK ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: BRICS-T ÜLKELERİ İÇİN PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 45 - 53

Öz

Bu çalışmada, BRICS-T ülkeleri (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye) için 1994-2021 yılları arasında finansal gelişmenin işsizlik üzerindeki etkisi panel veri analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, finansal gelişmenin işsizlik oranları üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle, finansal gelişmede %1'lik bir artışın, işsizlik oranını %0.5213 oranında artırdığı bulunmuştur. Bu bulgu, finansal gelişmenin özellikle sermaye yoğun sektörlere yönelmesi durumunda işgücü piyasasında olumsuz etkiler yaratabileceğine işaret etmektedir.
Çalışmada, panel veri analizi yöntemi kullanılarak finansal gelişmenin işsizlik üzerindeki etkileri kapsamlı bir biçimde araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, rastgele etkiler modelinde otokorelasyon probleminin varlığını ortaya koymuştur. Friedman testi ile birimler arası korelasyon varlığı detaylı bir şekilde test edilmiştir. Driscoll-Kraay dirençli tahminci sonuçlarına göre, işgücü değişkeninin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, kontrol değişkeni olarak analiz edilen istihdam oranları da önemli bir ilişki göstermektedir. Genel olarak, finansal gelişmenin kısa vadede işsizliği azaltabileceği, ancak uzun vadede bu iki değişken arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmediği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Türkiye örneğinde ise, finansal gelişmenin işsizlik üzerindeki pozitif etkilerine dikkat çekilmiş ve bu durumun çeşitli ekonomik ve sosyal faktörlerle derinlemesine sorgulanması gerektiği vurgulanmıştır. Bu çalışma, politika yapıcılar için önemli çıkarımlar sunmakta ve finansal reformların işgücü piyasalarındaki yansımalarını anlamalarına yardımcı olmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aghion, P., Howitt, P., & Mayer-Foulkes, D. (2005). The effect of financial development on convergence: Theory and evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120(1), 173–222.
  • Ang, J. B. (2008). A survey of recent developments in the literature of finance and growth. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(3), 536–576.
  • Arestis, P., & Demetriades, P. O. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: Assessing the evidence. Economic Journal, 107(442), 783–799.
  • Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003). The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279–1333.
  • Bayar, Y. (2016). Financial development and unemployment in emerging market economies. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 63(2), 237–245.
  • Beck, T., & Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2009). Financial institutions and markets across countries and over time: Data and analysis (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4943).
  • Benmelech, E., Bergman, N. K., & Seru, A. (2011). Financing labour (Working Paper No. 17144). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Bertrand, M., Schoar, A., & Thesmar, D. (2007). Banking deregulation and industry structure: Evidence from the French banking reforms of 1985. Journal of Finance, 62(2), 597–628.
  • Boustanifar, H. (2014). Finance and employment: Evidence from U.S. banking reforms. Journal of Banking & Finance, 46, 343–354.
  • Castillo, P. J. (2009). Unemployment threat of the financial crisis. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 9(1), 41–46.
  • Chen, M., & Qian, Z. (2021). Financial reforms and labour market dynamics in China: Evidence from structural shifts. Journal of Asian Economics, 74, 101325.
  • Chen, T. C., Kim, D. H., & Lin, S. C. (2021). Nonlinearity in the effects of financial development and financial structure on unemployment. Economic Systems, 45(1), 100–766.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2012). Financial inclusion in developing countries: An overview (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6088).
  • Epstein, G., & Heintz, J. (2006). Monetary policy and financial sector reform for employment creation and poverty reduction in Ghana. International Poverty Centre, 2.
  • Gatti, D., Rault, C., & Vaubourg, A. G. (2009). Unemployment and finance: How do financial and labour factors interact? (CESifo Working Paper No. 2901).
  • Greenwood, J., & Jovanovic, B. (1990). Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 1076–1107.
  • Han, K. C. (2009). Unemployment, financial hardship, and savings in individual development accounts. Journal of Poverty, 13(1), 74–95.
  • Kanberoğlu, Z. (2014). Finansal sektör gelişimi ve işsizlik: Türkiye örneği. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(1), 83–93.
  • Karaçayır, E., & Karaçayır, E. (2016). Yurtiçi kredi hacminin işsizlik üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye uygulaması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(30), 13–18.
  • King, R. G., & Levine, R. (1993). Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717–737.
  • Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: Views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688–726.
  • McKinnon, R. I. (1973). Money and capital in economic development. Brookings Institution Press.
  • Merton, R. C. (1992). Financial innovation and economic performance. Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 4(4), 12–22.
  • Monacelli, T., Quadrini, V., & Trigari, A. (2012). Financial markets and unemployment (Paolo Baffi Centre Research Paper Series No. 2012-129).
  • Öztürk, H. (2020). Türkiye’de finansal gelişim ve istihdam: Teorik ve ampirik bir değerlendirme. İktisat ve Finans Dergisi, 65(2), 89–110.
  • Pagano, M. (1993). Financial markets and growth: An overview. European Economic Review, 37(2–3), 613–622.
  • Rajan, R. G., & Zingales, L. (1998). Financial dependence and growth. American Economic Review, 88(3), 559–586.
  • Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2009). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press.
  • Shabbir, G., Anwar, S., Hussain, Z., & Imran, M. (2012). Contribution of financial sector development in reducing unemployment in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(1), 260–268.
  • Shaw, E. S. (1973). Financial deepening in economic development. Oxford University Press.
  • Suki, L. (2006). Remittances in Serbia and financial sector development: Business opportunities and priorities for investment. Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development, The Earth Institute at Columbia University.
  • Tatoğlu, Y. F. (2020). Panel veri ekonometrisi. Beta Yayını.
  • Tuğcu, C. T., & Aslan, A. (2012). Financial development and employment: A VAR analysis for the case of Turkey. Clute Institute International Conference, Rome, Italy, 561–565.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İstihdam
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gülferah Ertürkmen 0000-0003-2239-0241

Tuğba Konuk 0000-0002-7381-4131

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Mart 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ocak 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Ertürkmen, G., & Konuk, T. (2025). THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON UNEMPLOYMENT: PANEL DATA ANALYSIS FOR BRICS-T COUNTRIES. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(1), 45-53.