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Yeni Bir Enerji Arz Riski Endeksi ve Türkiye'de Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 22

Öz

Enerji güvenliği, enerjinin kesintisiz ve uygun maliyetle erişilebilirliği olarak tanımlanmakta ve ekonomik, sosyal ve çevresel kalkınmanın temel bir unsuru olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, küresel enerji tüketiminde fosil yakıtların yüksek paya sahip olması, arz kesintileri ve ekonomik riskler açısından toplumları savunmasız hale getirmektedir. Bu risklerin azaltılması için enerji kaynaklarının ve tedarik yollarının çeşitlendirilmesi hayati öneme sahiptir. Literatürde enerji arz güvenliğini ölçmek için çeşitli endeksler geliştirilmiş olsa da bu endekslerin enerji arz risklerini kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirme kapasitesi sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma, enerji arz güvenliği değerlendirmesinde mevcut kısıtlamaları aşmayı hedefleyen ve iç tüketim ile ithalat bağımlılığını da dikkate alan yeni bir enerji arz güvenliği endeksi geliştirmektedir. Enerji ithalat yoğunluğunu göz önünde bulundurarak düzeltilmiş Herfindahl-Hirschman Endeksi (HHI) ile her bir enerji kaynağının toplam tüketim içindeki payını ağırlıklandıran Enerji Arz Riski Endeksi (ESRI) önerilmektedir. Türkiye örneği üzerinden gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, ESRI’nin uygulanabilirliği gösterilmiş ve yenilenebilir ile yenilenemeyen enerji kaynaklarının tüketimi arasındaki ilişki, Doğrusal Olmayan Gecikmeli Dağıtılmış Otoregresyon (NARDL) yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, enerji bağımlılığı ile ilişkili risklerin karmaşık yapısını ortaya koyarak çeşitlendirilmiş ve sürdürülebilir enerji sistemlerine geçişin gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. ESRI, enerji arz risklerini daha gerçekçi bir şekilde ölçme imkânı sunarak, politika yapıcılar için enerji planlaması ve risk yönetimi süreçlerinde güçlü bir araç sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Atmaca, S., & Karadaş, H. A. (2020). Decision making on financial investment in Turkey by using ARDL long-term coefficients and AHP. Financial Innovation, 6(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-020-00196-z
  • Arslan, R. & Demir, G. (2024). Review Of Scientific Publications Made In 11 Leading Countries In The Field Of Renewable Energy, Karadeniz 17th International Conference On Applied Sciences, November 8 - 10, 2024 – Rize.
  • Birol, Y. E. (2021). Doğal gaz arz güvenliği açısından Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Türkiye üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir analiz [A comparative analysis on the European Union member states and Turkey in terms of natural gas supply security]. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, (44), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.940976
  • Blyth, W., & Lefevre, N. (2004). Energy security and climate change policy interactions: An assessment framework (IEA Information Paper). International Energy Agency.
  • Cabalu, H. (2010). Indicators of security of natural gas supply in Asia. Energy Policy, 38(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.008
  • Costantini, V., Gracceva, F., Markandya, A., & Vicini, G. (2007). Security of energy supply: Comparing scenarios from a European perspective. Energy Policy, 35(1), 210–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.002
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Gupta, E. (2008). Oil vulnerability index of oil-importing countries. Energy Policy, 36(3), 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.11.011
  • Jansen, J. C., van Arkel, W. G., & Boots, M. G. (2004). Designing indicators of long-term energy supply security (ECN Report, ECN-C--04-007). Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands. https://publicaties.ecn.nl/PdfFetch.aspx?nr=ECN-C--04-007
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 59(6), 1551–1580. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
  • Kendell, J. M. (1998). Measures of oil import dependence. Issues in Midterm Analysis and Forecasting 1998 [DOE/EIA-0607(98)] (pp. 57–63). Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated and Forecasting, U.S. Department of Energy. https://doi.org/10.2172/631223
  • Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D. P., de Vries, H. J. M., & Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2166–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.006
  • Nusair, S. A. (2017). The J-Curve phenomenon in European transition economies: A nonlinear ARDL approach. International Review of Applied Economics, 31(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2016.1214109
  • Pesaran, M., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. (2001). Bound testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Qamruzzaman, M., & Jianguo, W. (2018). Nexus between financial innovation and economic growth in South Asia: Evidence from ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approaches. Financial Innovation, 4(3), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0103-3
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In R. C. Sickles, & W. C. Horrace (Eds.), Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281–314). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
  • Şimşek, N. (2012). Türkiye’nin enerji kırılganlığı: Petrol ve doğalgaz güvenliği politikası [Turkey’s energy vulnerability: Oil and natural gas security policy]. Stratejik Düşünce, 3(30), 85–91. https://www.sde.org.tr/content/upload/dergidosya/675bf1aa60f97.pdf
  • Neumann, A. (2003, May 6–7). Security of (gas) supply: Conceptual issues, contractual arrangements, and the current EU situation (Globalization of Natural Gas Markets Working Papers, WP-GG-02). Presentation at the EU-Conference INDES (Insuring Against Disruptions of Energy Supplies) Workshop, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • WEC. (2008). Europe’s vulnerability to energy crises. World Energy Council. https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/PUB_Europes_Vulnerability_to_Energy_Crisis_2008-WEC.pdf

A New Energy Supply Risk Index and Its Nexus with Renewable Energy Consumption in Türkiye

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 22

Öz

Energy security is defined as the uninterrupted and affordable availability of energy and is considered a vital component of economic, social, and environmental development. However, the significant share of fossil fuels in global energy consumption exposes societies to supply disruptions and economic risks. To mitigate these risks, diversification of energy sources and supply routes is essential. While various indices have been developed in the literature to measure energy supply security, these indices often fall short of comprehensively assessing energy supply risks. This study introduces a new energy supply security index aimed at overcoming these limitations by incorporating domestic consumption and import dependency into the evaluation. The proposed Energy Supply Risk Index (ESRI) is developed using adjusted Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) that accounts for energy import intensity and weights the share of each energy source in total consumption. The study demonstrates the application of ESRI through the case of Turkey and analyzes the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) approach. The findings reveal the complex nature of risks associated with different levels of energy dependency and underscore the importance of transitioning to diversified and sustainable energy systems. By offering a more realistic measurement of energy supply risks, the ESRI provides policymakers with a robust tool for energy planning and risk management.

Etik Beyan

Etik kurul onayına ihtiyaç yoktur

Kaynakça

  • Atmaca, S., & Karadaş, H. A. (2020). Decision making on financial investment in Turkey by using ARDL long-term coefficients and AHP. Financial Innovation, 6(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-020-00196-z
  • Arslan, R. & Demir, G. (2024). Review Of Scientific Publications Made In 11 Leading Countries In The Field Of Renewable Energy, Karadeniz 17th International Conference On Applied Sciences, November 8 - 10, 2024 – Rize.
  • Birol, Y. E. (2021). Doğal gaz arz güvenliği açısından Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Türkiye üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir analiz [A comparative analysis on the European Union member states and Turkey in terms of natural gas supply security]. Pamukkale University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, (44), 451–467. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.940976
  • Blyth, W., & Lefevre, N. (2004). Energy security and climate change policy interactions: An assessment framework (IEA Information Paper). International Energy Agency.
  • Cabalu, H. (2010). Indicators of security of natural gas supply in Asia. Energy Policy, 38(1), 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.008
  • Costantini, V., Gracceva, F., Markandya, A., & Vicini, G. (2007). Security of energy supply: Comparing scenarios from a European perspective. Energy Policy, 35(1), 210–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.002
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
  • Gupta, E. (2008). Oil vulnerability index of oil-importing countries. Energy Policy, 36(3), 1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.11.011
  • Jansen, J. C., van Arkel, W. G., & Boots, M. G. (2004). Designing indicators of long-term energy supply security (ECN Report, ECN-C--04-007). Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands. https://publicaties.ecn.nl/PdfFetch.aspx?nr=ECN-C--04-007
  • Johansen, S. (1991). Estimation and hypothesis testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 59(6), 1551–1580. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938278
  • Kendell, J. M. (1998). Measures of oil import dependence. Issues in Midterm Analysis and Forecasting 1998 [DOE/EIA-0607(98)] (pp. 57–63). Energy Information Administration, Office of Integrated and Forecasting, U.S. Department of Energy. https://doi.org/10.2172/631223
  • Kruyt, B., van Vuuren, D. P., de Vries, H. J. M., & Groenenberg, H. (2009). Indicators for energy security. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2166–2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.006
  • Nusair, S. A. (2017). The J-Curve phenomenon in European transition economies: A nonlinear ARDL approach. International Review of Applied Economics, 31(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2016.1214109
  • Pesaran, M., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. (2001). Bound testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Qamruzzaman, M., & Jianguo, W. (2018). Nexus between financial innovation and economic growth in South Asia: Evidence from ARDL and nonlinear ARDL approaches. Financial Innovation, 4(3), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-018-0103-3
  • Shin, Y., Yu, B., & Greenwood-Nimmo, M. (2014). Modelling asymmetric cointegration and dynamic multipliers in a nonlinear ARDL framework. In R. C. Sickles, & W. C. Horrace (Eds.), Festschrift in honor of Peter Schmidt (pp. 281–314). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8008-3_9
  • Şimşek, N. (2012). Türkiye’nin enerji kırılganlığı: Petrol ve doğalgaz güvenliği politikası [Turkey’s energy vulnerability: Oil and natural gas security policy]. Stratejik Düşünce, 3(30), 85–91. https://www.sde.org.tr/content/upload/dergidosya/675bf1aa60f97.pdf
  • Neumann, A. (2003, May 6–7). Security of (gas) supply: Conceptual issues, contractual arrangements, and the current EU situation (Globalization of Natural Gas Markets Working Papers, WP-GG-02). Presentation at the EU-Conference INDES (Insuring Against Disruptions of Energy Supplies) Workshop, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • WEC. (2008). Europe’s vulnerability to energy crises. World Energy Council. https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/PUB_Europes_Vulnerability_to_Energy_Crisis_2008-WEC.pdf
Toplam 19 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Zaman Serileri Analizi, Makro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hacı Ahmet Karadaş 0000-0002-3088-1107

Yunus Emre Birol 0000-0003-0557-3281

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 18 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadaş, H. A., & Birol, Y. E. (2025). A New Energy Supply Risk Index and Its Nexus with Renewable Energy Consumption in Türkiye. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(2), 1-22.