Comparative performance analysis of NACA 2414 and NACA 6409 airfoils for horizontal axis small wind turbine

Abstract

While wind energy, which has an important place among renewable energy sources, is converted into electrical energy by means of wind turbines, the designs and aerodynamic behaviors of turbine blades gain importance in order to obtain optimal efficiency. The most important factor affecting the wind energy capture performance and aerodynamic behavior of the blade is the aerofil structure. In this study, the design and comparative performance analysis of NACA 2414 and NACA 6409 series airfoils under wind turbine conditions with 1x10^6 fixed reynolds number, 0-20^0 attack angles, constant air density and ambient conditions, 3kW nominal power and 2m blade length were carried out. The designs and analyzes for both airfoils were simulated using Q-Blade software version 2.0.5.2. While designing the blade, the propeller blade was divided into 20 equal parts so that there would be no aerodynamic interaction between the elements, and analyzes were made with a calculation method based on the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory. As a result, by comparing different features such as lift (Cl) and drag (Cd) coefficients, pressure distribution on the blades, power coefficients, it was seen that the NACA 6409 airfoil was more efficient than the NACA 2414 airfoil for small diameter wind turbines.

Keywords

• Horizontal axis wind turbine
• Q-Blade
• NACA 2414
• NACA 6409
• Blade element momentum
• Airfoil
• Lift coefficient
• Drag coefficient

Kaynakça

1. [1] T.R. Energy and Natural Resources Ministry, Renewable Energy-Resources-Wind, Available: https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklar-ruzgar. Accessed: May. 13, 2023.
2. [2] Hansen MOL. Chapter 2 2-D Aerodynamics, Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines. London, Earthscan, 2008.
3. [3] Erişen A, Bakırcı M. NACA 0012 ve NACA 4412 kanat kesitlerinin yeniden tasarlanarak HAD ile analiz edilmesi. Journal of Engineering and Technology Sciences 2014; June: 50-82.
4. [4] Çil MA. Hava araçları ve rüzgâr türbinlerinde kullanılan farklı kanat profillerinin sayısal olarak incelenmesi. PhD Thesis, Erciyes University, 2022.
5. [5] Zahari MFB. A study of drag force on different type of airfoil in a subsonic wind tunnel. PhD Thesis, Pahang Malaysia University, 2013.
6. [6] Hossain MS, Raiyan MF, Akanda MNU, Jony HN. A comparative flow analysis of NACA 6409 and NACA 4412 aerofoil. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 2014; 3(10): 342-350.
7. [7] Kumar R, Jhawar P, Kalraiya S. A CFD analysis of a wind turbine blade design at various angle of attack and low reynolds number. International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends 2016; 2(5): 126-132.
8. [8] Tarhan C, Yılmaz İ. Investigation of small wind turbine airfoils for Kayseri weather conditions. Fuels, Fire and Combustion in Engineering Journal 2016; 4(6): 42-43.

9. [9] Oliveira MS, Cândido LHA. Designing blades for horizontal-axis wind turbines applied to micro energy. International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology 2017; 10(1): 10-19.
10. [10] Sandanshiv SR, Chavan DUS. Aerodynamic performance study of wind turbine blade for variable airfoils. International Conference on Advances in Thermal Systems, Materials and Design Engineering 2017; Dec: 1-5.
11. [11] Muftah A. CFD modeling of airfoil of wind turbine under different effect of operating conditions. Sirte University Scientific Journal (Applied Sciences) 2019; 9(1): 27-43.
12. [12] Madhavan MN. Design and analysis of NACA 2414 aerofoil. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review 2019; 8(1): 161-168.
13. [13] Islam MR, Bashar LB, Saha DK, Rafi NS. Comparison and selection of airfoils for small wind turbine between NACA and NREL’s S series airfoil families. International Journal of Research in Electrical, Electronics and Communication Engineering 2019; 4(2): 1-11.
14. [14] Kulshreshtha A, Gupta SK, Singhal P. FEM/CFD analysis of wings at different angle of attack. Materials Today: Proceedings 2020; March; 1638-1643.
15. [15] Mankotia P, Channi HK, Gupta S. Modeling and designing of small wind turbine blade. Journal Of Critical Reviews 2020; 7(19): 7276-7284.
16. [16] Hwas AM, Hatab AM. Effects of design parameters of wind turbine on airfoil coefficients using grey-based taguchi method. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology 2020; 7(12): 13103-13109.
17. [17] Gray A, Singh B, Singh S. Low Wind Speed Airfoil Design For Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021; 45; 3000-3004.
18. [18] Goyal S, Kulshreshtha A, Singh S. Selection of turbulence model for analysis of airfoil wing using CFD. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2021; 8(3): 2608-2614.
19. [19] Solanki P. Computational fluid dynamics analysis of wind turbine blade at low reynolds number and various angle of attack. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 2021; 8(6): 4478-4485.
20. [20] Ahammed S. Optimization of floating horizontal axis wind turbine (fhawt) blades for aerodynamic performance measurement. Internatıonal Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology 2021; 8(6): 11-27.
21. [21] Widyalankara N, Jayawickrama NP, Ambegoda D, Velmanickam L. Optimum wind turbine design and analysis to harvest wind energy from fast-moving vehicles on highways. 3rd International Conference on Electrical Engineering 2021; Sep: 7-12.
22. [22] Marten D, Saverin J, Becker SP, Luna MRB. The Qblade Software. [Online]. Available: https://qblade.org/. Accessed: May. 18, 2023.
23. [23] Doğan K. Yatay eksenli rüzgâr türbin kanatlarının akışkan-yapı etkileşimi yönünden incelenmesi. PhD Thesis, Uludağ University, 2014.
24. [24] Marten D. QBlade: A modern tool for the aeroelastic simulation of wind turbines. PhD Thesis, Technical University of Berlin, 2020.
25. [25] Mahmuddin F. Rotor blade performance analysis with blade element momentum theory. Energy Procedia- The 8th International Conference on Applied Energy 2017; May: 1123 – 1129.
26. [26] Moriarty PJ, Hansen A. AeroDyn theory manual. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, 2005.
27. [27] MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Theory of Flight. Man-Vehicle Laboratory, [Online]. Available: https://web.mit.edu/16.00/www/aec/flight.html. Accessed: May. 18, 2023.
28. [28] Yükselen MA. Kanat profillerinin aerodinamiği. PhD Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, 2012.
29. [29] Cengiz Ç. Slatlı kanat profilinin etrafındaki düşük reynolds sayılı hava ve su akışlarının incelenmesi ve aerodinamik performans analizleri. PhD Thesis, Başkent University, 2010.
30. [30] King RM. Study of an adaptive mechanical turbulator for control of laminar separation bubbles. Raleigh North Carolina State University, 2001.
31. [31] Pitts WC, Nielsen JN, Kaattari GE. Lift and center of pressure of wing body tail combinations at subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, California, 1957.
32. [32] Caboni M, Minisci E, Riccardi A. Aerodynamic design optimization of wind turbine airfoils under aleatory and epistemic uncertainty. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 2018; 1037(4): 1-10.
33. [33] Emniyetli G. Evsel elektrik ihtiyacının karşılanması için rüzgâr türbini tasarımı. PhD Thesis, Trakya University, 2007.
34. [34] Şenel MC, Koç E. Kanat tasarım parametrelerinin rüzgâr türbini aerodinamik performansına etkisi. V. Ulusal Havacılık ve Uzay Konferansı, Kayseri, 2014.
35. [35] Kaya K, Koç E. Yatay eksenli rüzgâr türbinlerinde kanat profil tasarımı ve üretim esasları. Mühendis ve Makine 2015; 56(670): 38-48.
36. [36] Gudmundsson S. The anatomy of the airfoil. General Aviation Aircraft Design: Applied Methods and Procedures 2014; 235-297.
37. [37] Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, Airfoil Tools. Amazon EU Associates Programme, [Online]. Available: http://airfoiltools.com/airfoil/naca4digit. Accessed: April. 24, 2023.
38. [38] Atılgan M, Altan BD, Atlıhan AB. Rüzgâr türbini uygulamaları. Chamber of Electrical Engineers Scientific Journal 2010; 1-7.
39. [39] Özden M. Rüzgâr türbini kanadında bütünleşik flap-girdap üretici mekanizmasının aerodinamik performansa etkisinin incelenmesi. PhD Thesis, Erciyes University, 2022; 6-7.
40. [40] Zhu C, Wang T, Wu J. Numerical investigation of passive vortex generators on a wind turbine airfoil undergoing pitch oscillations. Energies 2019; 12(654): 1-19.
41. [41] Widyawati G, Permatasari R. Effect of vortex generators on airfoil NACA 632-415 to aerodynamic characteristics using CFD. International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering (IJEEPSE) 2023; 6(1): 133-137.