An Overview of Natural Gas as an Energy Source for Various Purposes

Öz

 Energy is gaining great prominence and priority regarding improvement the level of prosperity by completing the economic development of countries. Natural gas is becoming one of the most important energy sources in the world because of the low level of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the burning of natural gas. For that reason, natural gas consumption is increasing rapidly in the world. Natural gas, which is the main raw material of various chemical products, meets a significant part of the world energy consumption. It is an obvious fact that natural gas is the second most considerable non-renewable fossil fuel-based energy source, after crude oil. This study deals with reviewing natural gas systems considering each aspect. In this context, natural gas as an energy source along with its historical development was briefly given first. Then, status of world natural gas market with regard to geographical distribution of natural gas reserves, consumption, production, lifetime and storage are investigated in all parts of the world. After this exploration of natural gas as primary energy source, pollution caused by natural gas is reviewed since it is utilized in many areas like residential buildings, vehicles and industry. Beside all these, available pipelines delivering natural gas to consumers and planned pipeline projects to be constructed in the near future are reported. Lastly, the use of liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas as alternative energy source are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• natural gas,non-renewable energy,primary energy,fossil fuel

Kaynakça

1. J. A. Fagerstrom, "The evolution of reef communities", 1987.
2. İ. Atılgan, "Türkiye’nin enerji potansiyeline bakış", Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 15, 2000.
3. S. Shafiee and E. Topal, "When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished?", Energy policy, vol. 37, pp. 181-189, 2009.
4. N. H. Afgan, P. A. Pilavachi, and M. G. Carvalho, "Multi-criteria evaluation of natural gas resources", Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp. 704-713, 2007.
5. BP Statistical Review of World Energy. BP p.l.c, London, United Kingdom, 64th edition, 2015.
6. R. W. Howarth, A. Ingraffea, and T. Engelder, "Natural gas: Should fracking stop?", Nature, vol. 477, pp. 271-275, 2011.
7. R. Heinberg and D. Fridley, "The end of cheap coal", Nature, vol. 468, pp. 367-369, 2010.
8. M. R. Tek, "Underground storage of natural gas: theory and practice", Springer Science & Business Media, vol. 171, 2012.

9. N. A. Afgan, P. A. Pilavachi, and M. G. Carvalho, “Multi-criteria evaluation of natural gas resources”, Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp. 704–713, 2007
10. M. Balat, “Oil and natural gas transport systems, trade and consumption trends in Turkey”, Energy exploration & exploitation, vol. 22, pp. 207–216, 2004.
11. M. Balat, G. Ayar, C. Oguzhan and H. Uluduz, Influence of fossil energy applications on environmental pollution, Energy Source, Part B, vol. 2, pp. 213–226, 2007.
12. T. Colborn, C. Kwiatkowski, K. Schultz & Bachran, "Natural gas operations from a public health perspective", Human and ecological risk assessment: An International Journal, vol. 17, pp. 1039-1056, 2011.
13. K. Bilen, O. Ozyurt, K. Bakirci, S. Karsli, S. Erdogan, M. Yilmaz and O. Comakli Energy production, consumption, and environmental pollution for sustainable development: A case study in Turkey, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, pp. 1529-1561, 2008.
14. T.M. Verhallen and W. Fred Van Raaij, "Household behavior and the use of natural gas for home heating", Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 8.3, pp. 253-257, 1981.
15. A. Demirbas, "The importance of natural gas as a world fuel", Energy Sources, Part B, vol. 1, pp. 413-420, 2006.
16. M. Balat, "World natural gas (NG) reserves, NG production and consumption trends and future appearance", Energy sources, vol. 27, pp. 921-929, 2005.
17. C. S. Weaver, Natural gas vehicles-A review of the state of the art. No. 892133. SAE Technical Paper, 1989.
18. M. Ergeneman, C. Sorusbay, and A. G. Goktan, Exhaust emission and fuel consumption of CNG/diesel fueled city buses calculated using a sample driving cycle. Energy Sources, vol. 21, pp. 257–268, 1999.
19. H. Engerer and M. Horn, "Natural gas vehicles: An option for Europe." Energy Policy, vol. 38, pp. 1017-1029, 2010.
20. N.O. Nylund & A. Lawson, "Exhaust emissions from natural gas vehicles", Issues related to engine performance, exhaust emissions and environmental impacts, IANGV Emission Report, 2000.
21. H. Engerer & M. Horn, "Natural gas vehicles: An option for Europe", Energy Policy, vol. 38, pp. 1017-1029, 2010.
22. S. Yeh, "An empirical analysis on the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles: the case of natural gas vehicles", Energy Policy, vol. 35, pp. 5865-5875., 2007.
23. A. Janssen, S. F. Lienin, F. Gassmann & A. Wokaun, "Model aided policy development for the market penetration of natural gas vehicles in Switzerland", Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, vol. 40, pp. 316-333, 2006.
24. P. C. Flynn, "Commercializing an alternate vehicle fuel: lessons learned from natural gas for vehicles", Energy Policy, vol. 30, pp. 613-619, 2002.
25. M. P. Hekkert, F. H. Hendriks, A. P. Faaij & M. L. Neelis, "Natural gas as an alternative to crude oil in automotive fuel chains well-to-wheel analysis and transition strategy development", Energy policy, vol. 33, pp. 579-594, 2005.
26. A. H. Kakaee & A. Paykani, "Research and development of natural-gas fueled engines in Iran", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 26, pp. 805-821, 2013.
27. M. Matsumoto, S. Kondoh, J. Fujimoto, Y. Umeda, H. Tsuchiya, K. Masui & H. Y. Lee, "A diffusion model for clean energy vehicles." Journal of Japan Society of Energy and Resources, vol. 29, pp. 49-55, 2008.
28. B. Singh, A. H. Strømman & E. Hertwich, "Life cycle assessment of natural gas combined cycle power plant with post-combustion carbon capture, transport and storage", International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 5, pp. 457-466, 2011.
29. P. A. Pilavachi, S. D. Stephanidis, V. A. Pappas & N. H. Afgan, "Multi-criteria evaluation of hydrogen and natural gas fuelled power plant technologies", Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 29, pp. 2228-2234, 2009.
30. B. Atilgan & A. Azapagic, "Life cycle environmental impacts of electricity from fossil fuels in Turkey", Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 106, pp. 555-564, 2015.
31. S. Mokhatab & W. A. Poe, "Handbook of natural gas transmission and processing. Gulf Professional Publishing", 2012.
32. S. E. Masten & K. J. Crocker, "Efficient adaptation in long-term contracts: Take-or-pay provisions for natural gas", The American Economic Review, vol. 75, pp. 1083-1093, 1985.
33. M. Balat & N. Ozdemir, "Turkey's oil and natural gas pipelines system", Energy sources, vol. 27, pp. 963-972, 2005.
34. H. K. Ozturk & A. Hepbasli, "The place of natural gas in Turkey’s energy sources and future perspectives", Energy Sources, vol. 25, pp. 293-307, 2003.
35. BOTAS, Petroleum Pipeline Corporation, 2015, http://www.botas.gov.tr/
36. G. Bacik, "The Blue Stream project, energy co-operation and conflicting interests", Turkish Studies, vol. 2, pp. 85-93, 2001.
37. K. Barysch, "Should the Nabucco pipeline project be shelved?", Centre for European Reform, 2010.
38. T. Babali, "Implications of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan main oil pipeline project", Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs (Center for Strategic Research by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkey), vol. 10, pp. 29-59, 2005.
39. G. Bacik, "Turkey and pipeline politics", Turkish Studies, vol. 7, pp. 293-306, 2006.
40. G. M. Winrow, "Turkey and the East‐West Gas Transportation Corridor", Turkish Studies, vol. 5, pp. 23-42, 2004.
41. H. J. Barkey, "Turkey and Iraq: The making of a partnership", Turkish Studies, vol. 12, pp. 663-674, 2011.
42. A. M. Kilic, "Major utilization of natural gas in Turkey", Energy exploration & exploitation, vol. 23, pp. 125-140, 2005.
43. H. K. Ozturk & Arif Hepbasli, "Natural gas implementation in Turkey. Part 2: Natural gas pipeline projects", Energy sources, vol. 26, pp. 287-297, 2004.
44. C. Üstün, "Energy Cooperation between Import Dependent Countries: Cases of Italy and Turkey", Perceptions, vol. 16, pp. 71, 2011.
45. G. M. Winrow, "The southern gas corridor and Turkey's role as an energy transit state and energy hub", Insight Turkey, vol. 15, pp. 145, 2013.
46. A. Sobjak & K. Zasztowt, "Nabucco West—Perspectives and Relevance: The Reconfigured Scenario", PISM policy paper, pp. 44, 2012.
47. M. Hafner & S. Tagliapietra, "Turkish Stream: What Strategy for Europe?", 2015.
48. N. Sartori, "Energy and politics: behind the scenes of the Nabucco-TAP competition", IAI WP , vol. 13, pp. 27, 2013.
49. M. MacDonald, "Supplying the EU natural gas market", November, Final Report, Croydo, the United Kingdom, 2010.
50. J. J. Zednik, D. L. Dunlavy & T. G. Scott, "Regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG) aboard a transport vessel", U.S. Patent No. 6,089,022. 18 Jul. 2000.
51. B. Kavalov, H. Petric & A. Georgakaki, "Liquefied natural gas for Europe–some important issues for consideration", Joint Research Centre of the European Commission Reference Report, 2009.
52. A. Demirbas, "Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) for transportation", Energy Sources, vol. 24, pp. 601-610, 2002.
53. S. Thomas & R. A. Dawe, "Review of ways to transport natural gas energy from countries which do not need the gas for domestic use", Energy, vol. 28, pp. 1461-1477, 2003.
54. J. Ally & T. Pryor, "Life-cycle assessment of diesel, natural gas and hydrogen fuel cell bus transportation systems", Journal of Power Sources, vol. 170, pp. 401-411, 2007.
55. M. J. Economides, K. Sun & G. Subero, "Compressed natural gas (CNG): an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG)", SPE Production & Operations, vol. 21, pp. 318-324, 2006.
56. R. A. B. Semin, "A technical review of compressed natural gas as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines", Am. J. Eng. Appl. Sci, vol. 1, pp. 302-311, 2008.