Araştırma Makalesi
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UNESCO Miras Alanlarına Yönelik Çevrimiçi Aramalar: Ziyaretçi Ülkelerin Kümeleme Analizi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 99 - 113, 27.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1777804

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin UNESCO Dünya Mirası Alanları’na yönelik uluslararası çevrimiçi arama ilgisini analiz etmek için Google Trends verilerini kullanmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı, bu kültürel varlıklara olan çevrimiçi ilgiye dayanarak, farklı ülkeleri benzersiz gruplar halinde kümelemektir. 2017-2022 yılları arasında Türkiye'nin ana turist pazarlarını oluşturan 60 ülkedeki 21 miras alanına ilişkin arama eğilimlerini inceleyen bu araştırma, panel veri kümeleme metodolojisini kullanarak üç küme belirlemiştir. Bulgular, çevrimiçi ilginin her zaman fiili turist ziyaretlerine dönüşmediğini ve bu iki veri kaynağı arasında önemli bir tutarsızlık olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, politika yapıcılar ve turizm sektörü paydaşları için, sürdürülebilir kültürel turizmi teşvik etmek ve pazarlama stratejilerini geliştirmek amacıyla veriye dayalı stratejik önerilerle sona ermektedir.

Etik Beyan

Etik beyan gerektirecek veri toplama süreci yoktur. İnternetten ikincil veriler kullanılmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yok

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1970). The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6(4), 466–487. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(70)90057-0
  • Alpar, R. (2021). Çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Arsu, G., & Karacaer, B. (2021). The examination of tourism potentials of UNESCO World Heritage destinations. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(2), 1-13.
  • Ayaz, M., & Alp, M. (2018). Tahmin Yöntemi Olarak Markov Zincirinin Teorik Yapısı ve Uygulama Alanları. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(35), 18-36.
  • Bandeoğlu, S. (2015). Türkiye’nin kültürel potansiyelinin turizm sektörüne kazandırılması. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 3(3), 11-22.
  • Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Can, M. (2006). Markov zincirleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 1-17.
  • Ceylan, İ., & Somuncu, M. (2016). Dünya Miras Alanlarının Korunması ve Geliştirilmesi: Safranbolu Örneği. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 3(1), 32-48.
  • Cuccia, T., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2016). The effects of UNESCO recognition on tourism: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Tourism Management, 52, 484-498.
  • Deveci, O., & Yorulmaz, M. (2021). Gizli Sınıf Analizi: Teorik Yapı ve Uygulama. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-17.
  • Dolnicar, S. (2004). A review of tourism market segmentation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 113-124.
  • Dinis, G., Breda, Z., Costa, C. & Pacheco, O. (2019). Google Trends in tourism and hospitality research: a systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 10 (4): 747–763.
  • Drapela, S., Bohac, J., Böhm, R., & Zagorsek, L. (2021). Visitor segmentation and motivations in a UNESCO Global Geopark. Geotourism Journal, 4(1), 35-51.
  • Godin, G., Conner, M. & Sheeran, P. (2005). Bridging the intention–behaviour gap: The role of moral norm. British Journal of Social Psychology. 44 (4), 497–512. doi:10.1348/014466604X17452
  • Gökkaya, S. (2020). Digital Transformation Marketing in Tourism Industry. In F. Türkmen (Ed.), Selected Academic Studies from Turkish Tourism Sector.
  • Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., & O'leary, J. T. (2006). The impact of the internet on travel information search. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 174-182.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education.
  • Henderson, J. C. (2016). Halal food, Muslim travel and Islamophobia. Tourism Management, 57, 1-13.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41.
  • Huang, Y., Tsaur, S. W., & Yang, C. H. (2012). The effects of UNESCO World Heritage Site designation on tourism: A case study of the Historic Centre of Macao. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(4), 503-524.
  • Kalafatis, S. P., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M. H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour: A cross-market examination. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(5), 441–460. doi:10.1108/07363769910289550
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2016). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Kılıç, B., & Gövce, M. T. (2017). A research on determining the lifestyles of local tourists participating in gastronomy tourism events in Gaziantep. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(3), 135-154.
  • Koldere, R. (2008). Kümeleme analizi. Beta Yayınevi.
  • Laroche, M., Cleveland, M., & Browne, E. (2004). Cross-cultural generalization of the consumer ethnocentrism scale (CETSCALE): An assessment of measurement invariance in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, and the United States. Journal of International Marketing, 12(4), 62–86. doi:10.1509/jimk.12.4.62.53327
  • Lopez-Guzman, T., & Santa-Cruz, M. A. (2016). The economic impact of UNESCO World Heritage Sites on tourism: A case study of Córdoba, Spain. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 11(2), 173-188.
  • De Jong M.D.T & Yuguang Wu (2018). The role of website design in communicating the value of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 12-21.
  • Meydan Uygur, Z. & Baykan, E. (2007). Marketing of natural and cultural heritage sites in tourism. Journal of Tourism and Hotel Management, 1(2), 1-15.
  • Pavlić, I., Portolan, M., & Puh, B. (2019). The attitudes of the local population towards tourism development in a UNESCO World Heritage Site: A case study of Dubrovnik. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(1), 125-141.
  • Rabotic, B. (2014). Special-purpose travel in ancient times: “Tourism” before tourism? Turisticko poslovanje, 14(2), 5-18.
  • Ramires, P. F., Brandão, F., & Sousa, A. (2018). The profile of the cultural tourist: A clustering analysis. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 23-31.
  • Selçuk, A. M. (2021). Reading Troy: Text, Site and Museum. (Master's thesis). Middle East Technical University. Soares, A. C., Remoaldo, P., Perinotto, S., Gabriel, M. C., Lezcano-González, F., & Sánchez-Fernández, J. L. (2022). Tourist taxation: A clustering analysis of tourist attitudes towards a tourist tax in Santiago de Compostela. Tourism Planning & Development, 19(4), 589-604.
  • Tatoğlu, A. K. (2016). Panel veri analizi. Alfa Basım Yayım.Battour, M., Ismail, M. N., & Battour, M. (2014). The effect of destination's Islamic attributes on tourist's satisfaction with Halal tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(8), 1145–1160.
  • Tryon, R. C. (1939). Cluster analysis: A new approach to the classification of social data. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers.
  • Yan, G., So, S., Morrison, A. M., & Sun, Y.-H. (2007). Activity Segmentation of the International Heritage Tourism Market to Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (4), 333-347.
  • Yuxin F, Yunxia T, Xiaoyu L (2024) The network characteristics of classic red tourist attractions in Shaanxi province, China. PLoS ONE 19(3): e0299286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299286
  • Zorko, M., Jakopović, H., & Cesarec, I. (2021). The image of geolocations in a virtual environment: the Case Studies of Indonesia and Croatia on Google Trends. Croatian Political Science Review, 58 (2). https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.07

Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 99 - 113, 27.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1777804

Öz

This study leverages Google Trends data to analyze international online search interest in Turkey's UNESCO World Heritage Sites, aiming to identify distinct country clusters based on their engagement with these cultural assets. The research examines search trends for 21 heritage sites across 60 countries that constitute Turkey's primary tourist markets in 2023. Using a panel data clustering methodology, the study identifies three main clusters of countries with varying levels and types of interest. The findings highlight a significant disparity between online interest and actual tourist arrivals, suggesting that awareness does not always translate into visitation. The paper concludes with data-driven strategic recommendations for policymakers and tourism stakeholders to enhance marketing strategies and promote sustainable cultural tourism in Turkey.

Etik Beyan

This study did not involve primary data collection from human participants; therefore, it did not require an ethics committee approval. The analysis was conducted solely on publicly available secondary data from the internet.

Destekleyen Kurum

Non

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Non

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1970). The prediction of behavior from attitudinal and normative variables. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 6(4), 466–487. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(70)90057-0
  • Alpar, R. (2021). Çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Arsu, G., & Karacaer, B. (2021). The examination of tourism potentials of UNESCO World Heritage destinations. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(2), 1-13.
  • Ayaz, M., & Alp, M. (2018). Tahmin Yöntemi Olarak Markov Zincirinin Teorik Yapısı ve Uygulama Alanları. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 20(35), 18-36.
  • Bandeoğlu, S. (2015). Türkiye’nin kültürel potansiyelinin turizm sektörüne kazandırılması. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 3(3), 11-22.
  • Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.
  • Can, M. (2006). Markov zincirleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(1), 1-17.
  • Ceylan, İ., & Somuncu, M. (2016). Dünya Miras Alanlarının Korunması ve Geliştirilmesi: Safranbolu Örneği. Journal of Travel and Tourism Research, 3(1), 32-48.
  • Cuccia, T., Guccio, C., & Rizzo, I. (2016). The effects of UNESCO recognition on tourism: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Tourism Management, 52, 484-498.
  • Deveci, O., & Yorulmaz, M. (2021). Gizli Sınıf Analizi: Teorik Yapı ve Uygulama. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-17.
  • Dolnicar, S. (2004). A review of tourism market segmentation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 113-124.
  • Dinis, G., Breda, Z., Costa, C. & Pacheco, O. (2019). Google Trends in tourism and hospitality research: a systematic literature review. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 10 (4): 747–763.
  • Drapela, S., Bohac, J., Böhm, R., & Zagorsek, L. (2021). Visitor segmentation and motivations in a UNESCO Global Geopark. Geotourism Journal, 4(1), 35-51.
  • Godin, G., Conner, M. & Sheeran, P. (2005). Bridging the intention–behaviour gap: The role of moral norm. British Journal of Social Psychology. 44 (4), 497–512. doi:10.1348/014466604X17452
  • Gökkaya, S. (2020). Digital Transformation Marketing in Tourism Industry. In F. Türkmen (Ed.), Selected Academic Studies from Turkish Tourism Sector.
  • Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., & O'leary, J. T. (2006). The impact of the internet on travel information search. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 174-182.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education.
  • Henderson, J. C. (2016). Halal food, Muslim travel and Islamophobia. Tourism Management, 57, 1-13.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15–41.
  • Huang, Y., Tsaur, S. W., & Yang, C. H. (2012). The effects of UNESCO World Heritage Site designation on tourism: A case study of the Historic Centre of Macao. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 36(4), 503-524.
  • Kalafatis, S. P., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M. H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviour: A cross-market examination. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(5), 441–460. doi:10.1108/07363769910289550
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2016). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Kılıç, B., & Gövce, M. T. (2017). A research on determining the lifestyles of local tourists participating in gastronomy tourism events in Gaziantep. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 5(3), 135-154.
  • Koldere, R. (2008). Kümeleme analizi. Beta Yayınevi.
  • Laroche, M., Cleveland, M., & Browne, E. (2004). Cross-cultural generalization of the consumer ethnocentrism scale (CETSCALE): An assessment of measurement invariance in Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, and the United States. Journal of International Marketing, 12(4), 62–86. doi:10.1509/jimk.12.4.62.53327
  • Lopez-Guzman, T., & Santa-Cruz, M. A. (2016). The economic impact of UNESCO World Heritage Sites on tourism: A case study of Córdoba, Spain. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 11(2), 173-188.
  • De Jong M.D.T & Yuguang Wu (2018). The role of website design in communicating the value of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 12-21.
  • Meydan Uygur, Z. & Baykan, E. (2007). Marketing of natural and cultural heritage sites in tourism. Journal of Tourism and Hotel Management, 1(2), 1-15.
  • Pavlić, I., Portolan, M., & Puh, B. (2019). The attitudes of the local population towards tourism development in a UNESCO World Heritage Site: A case study of Dubrovnik. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(1), 125-141.
  • Rabotic, B. (2014). Special-purpose travel in ancient times: “Tourism” before tourism? Turisticko poslovanje, 14(2), 5-18.
  • Ramires, P. F., Brandão, F., & Sousa, A. (2018). The profile of the cultural tourist: A clustering analysis. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 8, 23-31.
  • Selçuk, A. M. (2021). Reading Troy: Text, Site and Museum. (Master's thesis). Middle East Technical University. Soares, A. C., Remoaldo, P., Perinotto, S., Gabriel, M. C., Lezcano-González, F., & Sánchez-Fernández, J. L. (2022). Tourist taxation: A clustering analysis of tourist attitudes towards a tourist tax in Santiago de Compostela. Tourism Planning & Development, 19(4), 589-604.
  • Tatoğlu, A. K. (2016). Panel veri analizi. Alfa Basım Yayım.Battour, M., Ismail, M. N., & Battour, M. (2014). The effect of destination's Islamic attributes on tourist's satisfaction with Halal tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 31(8), 1145–1160.
  • Tryon, R. C. (1939). Cluster analysis: A new approach to the classification of social data. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers.
  • Yan, G., So, S., Morrison, A. M., & Sun, Y.-H. (2007). Activity Segmentation of the International Heritage Tourism Market to Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 12 (4), 333-347.
  • Yuxin F, Yunxia T, Xiaoyu L (2024) The network characteristics of classic red tourist attractions in Shaanxi province, China. PLoS ONE 19(3): e0299286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299286
  • Zorko, M., Jakopović, H., & Cesarec, I. (2021). The image of geolocations in a virtual environment: the Case Studies of Indonesia and Croatia on Google Trends. Croatian Political Science Review, 58 (2). https://doi.org/10.20901/pm.58.2.07
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Turist Davranışı ve Ziyaretçi Deneyimi, Turizm Öngörüsü, Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Duygu İritaş 0009-0004-8539-3305

Ahmet Çilingirtürk 0000-0001-8677-7969

Proje Numarası Yok
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Kasım 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 8 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İritaş, D., & Çilingirtürk, A. (2025). Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1777804
AMA İritaş D, Çilingirtürk A. Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries. IJGTR. Aralık 2025;9(2):99-113. doi:10.58670/ijgtr.1777804
Chicago İritaş, Duygu, ve Ahmet Çilingirtürk. “Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries”. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 9, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 99-113. https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1777804.
EndNote İritaş D, Çilingirtürk A (01 Aralık 2025) Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 9 2 99–113.
IEEE D. İritaş ve A. Çilingirtürk, “Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries”, IJGTR, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 99–113, 2025, doi: 10.58670/ijgtr.1777804.
ISNAD İritaş, Duygu - Çilingirtürk, Ahmet. “Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries”. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi 9/2 (Aralık2025), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1777804.
JAMA İritaş D, Çilingirtürk A. Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries. IJGTR. 2025;9:99–113.
MLA İritaş, Duygu ve Ahmet Çilingirtürk. “Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries”. Uluslararası Global Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 9, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 99-113, doi:10.58670/ijgtr.1777804.
Vancouver İritaş D, Çilingirtürk A. Online Search for UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Cluster Analysis of Guest Countries. IJGTR. 2025;9(2):99-113.