ANCIENT CITIES AS LIVING HERITAGE SITES: A FIELD-BASED EXAMINATION OF EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PRACTICES IN TOURIST GUIDING EDUCATION
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 214 - 224, 27.12.2025
Derya Toksöz
,
Hanife Solakoğlu
Öz
This study qualitatively explores the transformative effects of field-based excursions to ancient cities—an essential component of undergraduate tourist guiding education—on students’ learning processes, professional competencies, and career perspectives. Grounded in David Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory and enriched with concepts such as living heritage, heritage interpretation, and the cognitive and affective dimensions of learning, the research is based on semi-structured interviews conducted with 22 undergraduate students from a tourist guiding program. The data were analyzed through thematic analysis, and the findings indicate that field-based learning plays a central role in transforming theoretical knowledge into practical skills, enhancing students’ abilities to interpret and narrate cultural heritage, fostering deep connections with place, and strengthening professional identity and motivation. Overall, the study shows that field-based learning enhances students’ professional awareness and emotional engagement with cultural heritage, contributing to the development of a more sensitive and experience-oriented approach to tourist guiding in the future.
Etik Beyan
This research has been conducted in accordance with the principles of scientific ethics and academic integrity. All data were collected with the voluntary participation of the respondents, and personal information was kept confidential and used solely for scientific purposes. No unethical practices were carried out during any stage of the study, and all sources have been properly cited in compliance with academic referencing standards.
Proje Numarası
1919B012418706
Kaynakça
-
Ap, J., ve Wong, K. K. F. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22, 551–563.
-
Arcodia, C., Abreu Novais, M., Cavlek, N., ve Humpe, A. (2021). Educational tourism and experiential learning: Students’ perceptions of field trips. Tourism Review, 76(1), 241-254
-
Başoda, A., ve Varol, F. (2022). Deneyimsel turist rehberliği: Kavramsal bir çerçeve ve model önerisi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(4), 1716-1738.
-
Beard, C., ve Wilson, J. P. (2018). Experiential learning: A handbook for education, training and coaching (4th ed.). London, UK: Kogan Page.
-
Braun, V., ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
-
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.
-
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
-
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Macmillan.
-
Eker, N., ve Zengin, B. (2016). Turizm rehberliği eğitimi müfredatlarının uygulama yeterliliğinin profesyonel turist rehberleri bakış açısıyla irdelenmesi. Turar Turizm ve Araştırma Dergisi, 5(2), 4-19.
-
Esen, F. Ö., ve Gülmez, M. (2018). Turist rehberliği yurtiçi uygulama gezilerinin öğrenciler açısından önemi: Akademisyenler ve turist rehberleri üzerine bir araştırma. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15(2), 320-335.
-
Falk, J. H., ve Dierking, L. D. (2000). Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning. AltaMira Press.
-
Godden, D. R., ve Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context‐dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325-331.
-
Goh, E. (2011). The value and benefits of fieldtrips in tourism and hospitality education. Higher Learning Research Communications, 1(1), 60–70.
-
Harrison, R. (2012). Heritage: critical approaches. Routledge.
-
Hughes, K., & Moscardo, G. (2017). Connecting with new audiences: exploring the impact of mobile communication devices on the experiences of young adults in museums. Visitor Studies, 20(1), 33-55.
-
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., ve Damasio, A. (2007). We feel, therefore we learn: The relevance of affective and social neuroscience to education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(1), 3-10.
-
Jo, M., Cha, J., ve Kim, J. (2022). The effects of tourism storytelling on tourism destination brand value, lovemarks and relationship strength in South Korea. Sustainability, 14(24), 16495.
-
Kaya, B., & Ünlüönen, K. (2021). Turist rehberlerinin kültürel miras aktarımında hikâye anlatıcılığının rolü. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 2166-2179
-
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hal.
-
Knudson, D. M., Cable, T. T., & Beck, L. (1995). Interpretation of cultural and natural resources. Venture Publishing, Inc.
-
Lee, H., Stern, M. J., & Powell, R. B. (2020). Do pre-visit preparation and post-visit activities improve student outcomes on field trips? Journal of Environmental Education Research, 26(1), 52–67.
-
Lowenthal, D. (1985). The Past is a Foreign Country. New York.
-
Menkshi, E., & Braholli, E. (2020). Field Trips as a Valuable Learning Experience for Students. Vjetari Shkencor,(4), 225-231
-
Moreno-Melgarejo, A., García-Valenzuela, L. J., Hilliard, I., ve Pinto-Tortosa, A. J. (2019). Exploring relations between heritage interpretation, visitors learning experience and tourist satisfaction. Czech Journal of Tourism, 8(2), 103-118.
-
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., ve Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13.
-
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
-
Pine, B. J., ve Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theatre & every business a stage. Harvard Business School Press.
-
Poria, Y., Reichel, A., ve Biran, A. (2006). Heritage site management: Motivations and expectations. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 162-178.
-
Reisinger, Y., ve Steiner, C. (2006). Reconceptualising interpretation: The role of tour guides in authentic tourism. Current issues in tourism, 9(6), 481-498.
-
Silberman, M. (Ed.). (2007). The handbook of experiential learning. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
-
Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. Routledge.
-
Stern, M. J., & Powell, R. B. (2020). Field trips and the experiential learning cycle. Journal of Experiential Education, 43(3), 250–263.
-
Tilden, F. (1957). Interpreting our heritage. University of North Carolina Press.
-
UNESCO. (2003). Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, France: UNESCO. https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/15164-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2025).
-
Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 625-636.
-
Wilson, J. P., ve Beard, C. (2013). Experiential learning: A handbook for education, training and coaching. Kogan Page Publishers.
-
Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (11. baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Yaşayan Miras Alanı Olarak Antik Kentler: Turist Rehberliği Eğitiminde Deneyimsel Öğrenme Pratiklerinin Saha Temelli İncelenmesi
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 214 - 224, 27.12.2025
Derya Toksöz
,
Hanife Solakoğlu
Öz
Bu çalışma, turist rehberliği lisans eğitiminin önemli bir parçası olan antik kentlere yönelik saha temelli uygulama gezilerinin, öğrencilerin öğrenme süreçleri, mesleki yeterlilikleri ve kariyer perspektifleri üzerindeki dönüştürücü etkilerini nitel bir yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Araştırmanın kuramsal temelini David Kolb'un Deneyimsel Öğrenme Kuramı oluşturmakta; bu çerçeve, yaşayan miras, miras yorumlaması ve öğrenmenin bilişsel-duyuşsal boyutları gibi kavramlarla zenginleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, 22 turizm rehberliği bölümü öğrencisiyle gerçekleştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. Veriler, tematik analiz yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bulgular, saha temelli öğrenmenin; teorik bilginin somut becerilere dönüştürülmesinde, kültürel mirası yorumlama ve hikâyeleştirme yetkinliklerinin geliştirilmesinde, mekânla derin bağlar kurulmasında ve mesleki kimliğin pekiştirilerek motivasyonun artırılmasında merkezi bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, saha temelli öğrenmenin turist rehberliği eğitiminde öğrencilerin mesleki farkındalıklarını ve kültürel mirasa yönelik duygusal bağlılıklarını güçlendirdiğini ortaya koyarak, gelecekte daha duyarlı ve deneyim odaklı bir rehberlik anlayışının gelişmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.
Etik Beyan
Bu araştırma, bilimsel etik ve akademik dürüstlük ilkelerine uygun olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler katılımcıların gönüllü katılımı ile toplanmış, kişisel bilgiler gizli tutulmuş ve yalnızca bilimsel amaçlarla kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın herhangi bir aşamasında etik dışı bir davranışta bulunulmamış, tüm kaynaklara bilimsel atıf kurallarına uygun şekilde yer verilmiştir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu
Proje Numarası
1919B012418706
Teşekkür
Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu'na desteklerinizden dolayı teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
-
Ap, J., ve Wong, K. K. F. (2001). Case study on tour guiding: Professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22, 551–563.
-
Arcodia, C., Abreu Novais, M., Cavlek, N., ve Humpe, A. (2021). Educational tourism and experiential learning: Students’ perceptions of field trips. Tourism Review, 76(1), 241-254
-
Başoda, A., ve Varol, F. (2022). Deneyimsel turist rehberliği: Kavramsal bir çerçeve ve model önerisi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(4), 1716-1738.
-
Beard, C., ve Wilson, J. P. (2018). Experiential learning: A handbook for education, training and coaching (4th ed.). London, UK: Kogan Page.
-
Braun, V., ve Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
-
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research, 12(1), 5-29.
-
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
-
Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and education. New York, NY: Macmillan.
-
Eker, N., ve Zengin, B. (2016). Turizm rehberliği eğitimi müfredatlarının uygulama yeterliliğinin profesyonel turist rehberleri bakış açısıyla irdelenmesi. Turar Turizm ve Araştırma Dergisi, 5(2), 4-19.
-
Esen, F. Ö., ve Gülmez, M. (2018). Turist rehberliği yurtiçi uygulama gezilerinin öğrenciler açısından önemi: Akademisyenler ve turist rehberleri üzerine bir araştırma. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 15(2), 320-335.
-
Falk, J. H., ve Dierking, L. D. (2000). Learning from museums: Visitor experiences and the making of meaning. AltaMira Press.
-
Godden, D. R., ve Baddeley, A. D. (1975). Context‐dependent memory in two natural environments: On land and underwater. British Journal of Psychology, 66(3), 325-331.
-
Goh, E. (2011). The value and benefits of fieldtrips in tourism and hospitality education. Higher Learning Research Communications, 1(1), 60–70.
-
Harrison, R. (2012). Heritage: critical approaches. Routledge.
-
Hughes, K., & Moscardo, G. (2017). Connecting with new audiences: exploring the impact of mobile communication devices on the experiences of young adults in museums. Visitor Studies, 20(1), 33-55.
-
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., ve Damasio, A. (2007). We feel, therefore we learn: The relevance of affective and social neuroscience to education. Mind, Brain, and Education, 1(1), 3-10.
-
Jo, M., Cha, J., ve Kim, J. (2022). The effects of tourism storytelling on tourism destination brand value, lovemarks and relationship strength in South Korea. Sustainability, 14(24), 16495.
-
Kaya, B., & Ünlüönen, K. (2021). Turist rehberlerinin kültürel miras aktarımında hikâye anlatıcılığının rolü. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 2166-2179
-
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hal.
-
Knudson, D. M., Cable, T. T., & Beck, L. (1995). Interpretation of cultural and natural resources. Venture Publishing, Inc.
-
Lee, H., Stern, M. J., & Powell, R. B. (2020). Do pre-visit preparation and post-visit activities improve student outcomes on field trips? Journal of Environmental Education Research, 26(1), 52–67.
-
Lowenthal, D. (1985). The Past is a Foreign Country. New York.
-
Menkshi, E., & Braholli, E. (2020). Field Trips as a Valuable Learning Experience for Students. Vjetari Shkencor,(4), 225-231
-
Moreno-Melgarejo, A., García-Valenzuela, L. J., Hilliard, I., ve Pinto-Tortosa, A. J. (2019). Exploring relations between heritage interpretation, visitors learning experience and tourist satisfaction. Czech Journal of Tourism, 8(2), 103-118.
-
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., ve Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13.
-
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
-
Pine, B. J., ve Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theatre & every business a stage. Harvard Business School Press.
-
Poria, Y., Reichel, A., ve Biran, A. (2006). Heritage site management: Motivations and expectations. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 162-178.
-
Reisinger, Y., ve Steiner, C. (2006). Reconceptualising interpretation: The role of tour guides in authentic tourism. Current issues in tourism, 9(6), 481-498.
-
Silberman, M. (Ed.). (2007). The handbook of experiential learning. San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.
-
Smith, L. (2006). Uses of heritage. Routledge.
-
Stern, M. J., & Powell, R. B. (2020). Field trips and the experiential learning cycle. Journal of Experiential Education, 43(3), 250–263.
-
Tilden, F. (1957). Interpreting our heritage. University of North Carolina Press.
-
UNESCO. (2003). Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Paris, France: UNESCO. https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/15164-EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2025).
-
Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 625-636.
-
Wilson, J. P., ve Beard, C. (2013). Experiential learning: A handbook for education, training and coaching. Kogan Page Publishers.
-
Yıldırım, A., ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (11. baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.