Entomoturizmin Yükselen Mekânları: Kelebek Odaklı Tesislerin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmadaki Yeri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 225 - 243, 27.12.2025

Erdem Seven , Volkan Genç

https://doi.org/10.58670/ijgtr.1820149

Öz

Doğa temelli etkileşim arayışındaki artış, kelebek temalı tesisleri çevre eğitimi, biyoçeşitlilik farkındalığı ve ekoturizmin kesişiminde konumlandırmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kelebek odaklı tematik alanların estetik sunumun ötesine geçerek sürdürülebilir kalkınma, tür koruma, halkın bilimsel süreçlere katılımı ve tematik turizm bağlamında çok işlevli yapılara dönüşümünü incelemektedir. Disiplinler arası literatür taramasına dayanan kuramsal analiz, bu tesislerin yalnızca farkındalık yaratmakla kalmayıp ekosistem restorasyonu, bilimsel veri üretimi ve yerel kalkınmaya da katkı sunduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak egzotik türlerin kullanımı, doğanın ticarileştirilmesi ve etik sergileme sorunları önemli tartışma alanlarıdır. Çalışma, kelebek tesislerini tropikal seralar, tozlayıcı sığınakları, araştırma merkezleri, müzeler ve deneyim temelli öğrenme alanları olarak sınıflandırmakta; tür temelli yaklaşımlar, etik standartlar ve koruma odaklı turizm politikalarının önemini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgular, bu alanların iklim uyumlu tasarım, dijital vatandaş bilimi ve yeşil ekonomi modelleriyle bütünleşme potansiyelini ortaya koyarak, biyoçeşitlilik yönetimi ile sürdürülebilir turizm arasında işlevsel bir köprü kurduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biyoçeşitlilik yönetimi , doğa temelli turizm , ekolojik tasarım , entomoturizm , kelebek bahçeleri , sürdürülebilir turizm , tür koruma

Etik Beyan

Etik Beyan Bu araştırmada insan katılımcılar veya hayvanlar yer almamıştır. Bu çalışma için herhangi bir etik onayı gerekmemektedir. Yazarlar, bu makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili herhangi bir çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederler.

Rising Venues of Entomotourism: The Role of Butterfly-Oriented Facilities in Sustainable Development

Öz

The growing pursuit of nature-based interactions has positioned butterfly-themed facilities at the intersection of environmental education, biodiversity awareness, and ecotourism. This study explores the transformation of these butterfly-oriented thematic environments from mere aesthetic displays into multifunctional spaces that promote sustainable development, species conservation, public participation in scientific processes, and thematic tourism. Drawing on an interdisciplinary literature review, the research reveals that these facilities contribute not only to environmental awareness but also to ecosystem restoration, scientific data generation, and community-based development. However, ecological risks linked to exotic species, the commodification of nature, and ethical concerns in exhibition practices remain significant challenges. The study classifies butterfly facilities as tropical conservatories, pollinator sanctuaries, research centers, museums, and experiential learning sites, emphasizing the importance of species-specific approaches, ethical display standards, and conservation-oriented tourism policies. The analysis highlights their potential to integrate climate-adaptive design principles, digital citizen science, and green economy models. Overall, butterfly facilities function as entomological micro-landscapes that establish a functional bridge between biodiversity management and sustainable tourism, contributing to the realization of broader sustainability goals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Biodiversity management , nature-based tourism , ecological design , entomotourism , butterfly gardens , species conservation

Etik Beyan

Ethical Statement This research did not involve human participants or animals. No ethical approval was required for this study. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Kaynakça

• Ansari, F., Jeong, Y., Putri, I. A., & Kim, S-i. (2019). Sociopsychological aspects of butterfly souvenir purchasing behavior at Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park in Indonesia. Sustainability, 11(6), 1789. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061789.
• Aul-Gershenz, L. (2022). Insect zoos and butterfly houses for public education: Issues related to shipping and international trade of non-native insects. Scientific and Technical Review, 41(1), 142–157. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.41.1.3311.
• Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., & Falk, J. (2011). Visitors’ learning for environmental sustainability: Testing short‐ and long‐term impacts of wildlife tourism experiences using structural equation modelling. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1243–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.11.003.
• Beaver, V. (1998). The butterfly garden: Art therapy with HIV/AIDS prisoners. In: Pratt, M., Wood, M.J.M. (Eds.), Art Therapy in Palliative Care: The Creative Response. Routledge, London, pp. 127–139. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315788012-13.
• Bonebrake, T. C., Ponisio, L. C., Boggs, C. L., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2010). More than just indicators: A review of tropical butterfly ecology and conservation. Biological Conservation, 143(8), 1831–1841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.04.044.
• Boppré, M., & Vane-Wright, R. I. (2012). The butterfly house industry: Conservation risks and education opportunities. Conservation and Society, 10(3), 285–303. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.101831.
• Buckley, R. (2009). Ecotourism: Principles and practices. CABI, Wallingford.
• Checa, M. F., Rosero, P., de Goulaine, M., & Schmink, M. (2024). Butterfly farming for promoting sustainability and ecotourism: A case study of feasibility in Western Ecuador. Tropical Lepidoptera Research, 34(1), 29–39. https://journals.flvc.org/troplep/article/view/135500/139593.
• Clayborn, J., Koptur, S., & O’Brien, G. (2020). Plugging students into nature through butterfly gardening: A reconciled ecological approach to insect conservation. Children, Youth and Environments, 30(2), 30–71. https://doi.org/10.1353/cye.2020.0013.
• Entopia (2024). Entopia by Penang Butterfly Farm. Retrieved from https://www.entopia.com/our-story/.
• Eshun, G., Frempong, F., & Adjei, P. O-W. (2014). The prospects of ecotourism as a conservation and development tool in Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary in Ghana. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(22), 1–9. Available at: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/view/16804.
• Falk, J. H., & Dierking, L. D. (2016). The museum experience revisited. Routledge, London.
• Fattorini, S., Mantoni, C., Dapporto, L., Davini, G., & Di Biase, L. (2023). Using botanical gardens as butterfly gardens: Insights from a pilot project in Italy. Conservation, 3(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation3010010.
• Fennell, D. A. (2020). Ecotourism. 5th ed. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346293.
• Genç, V., & Seven, E. (2020). Kelebek gözlemciliği ve Türkiye’nin kelebek turizm potansiyeli [Butterfly watching and Turkey’s butterfly tourism potential]. Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 3064–3081. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2020.526.
• Global Ecotourism Network (2022). Sectoral growth trends in ecotourism [Report]. Retrieved from https://www.globalecotourismnetwork.org/reports/sectoral-growth-trends-2022.
• Göral, R., & Arıcan, B. (2023). Çevrim içi ziyaretçi yorumlarının karma yöntem ile analizi: Konya Tropikal Kelebek Bahçesi uygulaması. Selçuk Turizm ve Bilişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4, 1–25. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/stbad/issue/81584/1322630.
• Gracia Rojas, J. S., Navarro Tamayo, T., Pedraza Hernández, L. D., & Lesmes Fabian, C. A. (2024). Entomoturismo académico como estrategia para la conservación de lepidópteros en el Meta, Colombia. Región Científica, 3(2), 2024317. https://doi.org/10.58763/rc2024317.
• Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) (2019). GSTC destination criteria v2.0. Retrieved from https://www.gstcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/GSTC-Destination-Criteria-v2.0.pdf.
• Guerrero-Moreno, M. A., & Oliveira-Junior, J. M. B. (2024). A global bibliometric analysis of the scientific literature on entomotourism: Exploring trends, patterns and research gaps. Biodiversity and Conservation, 33(14), 3929–3959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-024-02948-0.
• Gullan, P. J., & Cranston, P. S. (2014). The insects: An outline of entomology. 5th ed. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.
• Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003.
• Halimah, M., Sanjaya, Y., Tresnawati, C., & Nurdiani, N. (2019). Use of butterfly house as learning media to improve creative thinking skills of pre-service biology teachers. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1157(2), 022072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1157/2/022072.
• Haubrock, P. J., Parker, B., Błońska, D., Briski, E., Everts, T., Fernandez, R. D., Kouba, A., Kourantidou, M., Kurtul, I., Mammola, S., Musolin, D. L., Nuñez, M. A., Olden, J. D., Rasmussen, J. J., Renault, D., Russell, J. C., Sousa, R., Tarkan, A. S., & Britton, J. R. (2025). Conceptual and ethical considerations in invasion science. BioScience, 75(4), 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biae138.
• Hutton, A. F. (1985). Butterfly farming in Papua New Guinea. Oryx, 19(3), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300025333.
• Hvenegaard, G. (2016). Insect festivals in North America: Patterns and purposes. American Entomologist, 62(4), 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/ae/tmw078.
• International Butterfly Breeders Association (IBBA) (2023). About IBBA. Retrieved from https://www.butterflybreeders.org/.
• Ickis, J. C., Ickis, C., & Flores, J. (2006). The magic of butterflies: Ecological rural development in Costa Rica. Research Paper No. RP-06-01. INCAE Business School.
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Pörtner, H-O., Roberts, D. C., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E. S., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Craig, M., Langsdorf, S., Löschke, S., Möller, V., Okem, A., & Rama, B. (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.
• Kawahara, A. Y., Plotkin, D., Espeland, M., Meusemann, K., Toussaint, E. F. A., Donath, A., Gimnich, F., Frandsen, P. B., Zwick, A., dos Reis, M., Barber, J. R., Peters, R. S., Liu, S., Zhou, X., Mayer, C., Podsiadlowski, L., Storer, C., Bartels, D., Petersen, M., & Misof, B. (2019). Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 116(45), 22657–22663. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907847116.
• Kellert, S. R. (1996). The value of life: Biological diversity and human society. Island Press, Washington, DC.
• Kellert, S. R. (2005). Building for life: Designing and understanding the human-nature connection. Island Press, Washington, DC.
• Kellert, S. R., & Wilson, E. O. (Eds.) (1993). The biophilia hypothesis. Island Press, Washington, DC.
• Kharat, A. J. (2021). Eco-friendly commercialization and conservation of butterflies to support rural economy. Insect Environment, 24(3), 1–8.
• Kong, M., Nam, H., Kim, K.-H., Jeon, S., Kim, C., & Han, S. (2021). A study on the development of garden through the linkage of butterfly species and traditional knowledge. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 22(8), 194–207. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2021.22.8.194.
• Konya Tropical Butterfly Garden (2022). Konya Tropical Butterfly Garden. Retrieved from https://konyatropikalkelebekbahcesi.com/tr.
• Lemelin, R. H. (2012). Conclusion. In: R.H. Lemelin (ed.), The management of insects in recreation and tourism. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139026868.
• Lemelin, R. H., Boileau, E. Y. S., & Russell, C. (2019). Entomotourism: The allure of the arthropod. Society & Animals, 27(7), 733–750. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-00001830.
• Levy, J. M., & Connor, E. F. (2004). Are gardens effective in butterfly conservation? A case study with the pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor. Journal of Insect Conservation, 8(4), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-004-0796-7.
• Lewandowski, E. J., & Oberhauser, K. S. (2016). Butterfly citizen science projects support conservation activities among their volunteers. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice, 1(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.10.
• Mathew, G. (2022). Butterfly gardens and ecotourism. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi.
• Mathew, G., George, E., & Anto, M. (2011). Role of butterfly gardens in promoting biodiversity conservation and ecotourism. ENVIS Bulletin: Arthropods and their Conservation in India (Insects & Spiders), 14(1), 87–91. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342782563_Role_of_butterfly_gardens_in_promoting_biodiversity_conservation.
• Meineke, E. K., Davies, T. J., Daru, B. H., & Davis, C. C. (2018). Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 374(1763), 20170386. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0386.
• Mercado Hundelhausen, M. E., Pertuz Duran, O., & Jiménez Barriosnuevo, M. C. (2024). Design of a school butterfly garden as an experiential learning strategy to strengthen students’ scientific and environmental competencies. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 9(12), e05193. https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2023.v9i12.5193.
• Mondal, A., & Reddy, B. (2024). Assessing the ecosystem services provided by butterfly parks for geographic sustainability. In: A. Zajadacz (ed.), Rethinking sustainable tourism in geographical environments. Springer, Cham, pp. 47–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72130-4_3.
• Nature Conservancy Council (1989). UK Department of the Environment and World Wildlife Fund–UK. Butterfly houses in Britain: The conservation implications. Nature Conservancy Council, London.
• New, T. R. (1991). Butterfly conservation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• New, T. R. (1994). Butterfly ranching: Sustainable use of insects and sustainable benefit to habitats. Oryx, 28(3), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028520.
• Newsome, D., Moore, S. A., & Dowling, R. K. (2013). Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts and management. Channel View Publications, Bristol.
• Parsons, M. J. (1992). The butterfly farming and trading industry in the Indo-Australian region and its role in tropical forest conservation. Tropical Lepidoptera, 3(Suppl. 1), 1–31. Retrieved from https://www.troplep.org/tlr/3supplement1/pdf001.pdf.
• Permanasari, A. E., Liman, J., Sakkinah, I. S., & Maulana, Y. (2019). An educational mobile application development with AR-based as a promotion media Alian Butterfly Park. In: 2019 5th International Conference on Science and Technology (ICST). IEEE, pp. 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICST47872.2019.9166316.
• Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theatre & every business a stage. Harvard Business Press, Boston.
• Putri, I. A. S. L. P. (2016). Handicraft of butterflies and moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) in Bantimurung Nature Recreation Park and its implications on conservation. Biodiversitas, 17(2), 823–831. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d170260.
• Rahmawati, P. I., Trianasari, T., & Suarmanayasa, I. N. (2021). Feasibility of developing butterfly park as educational tourism in Wanagiri Village Forest in Bali. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Tourism, Economics, Accounting, Management, and Social Science (TEAMS 2021). Atlantis Press, Paris, pp. 22–27. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211124.004.
• Rich, M., Changappa, G., Raghavan, B., & Rich, K. M. (2014). Improving livelihoods through conservation and education: A case study of the Swastha butterfly garden. NUPI Working Paper 829. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo.
• Sankaranarayanan, R. V., Mathew, G., Naduvil, N., & George, E. (2018). Butterfly gardens and butterfly populations: Do host and nectar plant strategies drive butterfly status. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 12(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2018.21.32.
• Scoble, M. J. (1995). The Lepidoptera: Form, function and diversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Shao, N. (2017). Study on tourism resources of insects. Agricultural Science & Technology, 18(3), 511–514.
• Simberloff, D. (2013). Invasive species: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Sikes, D. S., Bowser, M., Morton, J. M., Bogan, D., Garcia, T. S., & Draney, M. L. (2017). The value of museums in the production, sharing, and use of entomological data to document hyperdiversity of the changing North. Arctic Science, 3(3), 498–514. https://doi.org/10.1139/as-2016-0038.
• Stratford Butterfly Farm (2025). Stratford-upon-Avon Butterfly Farm. Retrieved from https://www.butterflyfarm.co.uk/attraction/.
• Tekulsky, M. (2023). How to create a butterfly garden: Bringing the beauty of butterflies into your world. 2nd ed. Skyhorse Publishing, New York.
• Thomas, J. A. (2005). Monitoring change in the abundance and distribution of insects using butterflies and other indicator groups. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 360(1454), 339–357. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1585.
• Van Nieukerken, E. J., Kaila, L., Kitching, I. J., Kristensen, N. P., Lees, D. C., Minet, J., & Zwick, A. (2011). Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Z.-Q. Zhang (ed.), Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa, 3148, pp. 212–221. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.1. Weaver, D. (2008). Ecotourism. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook. World Tourism Organization, Madrid. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284415496. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2024). The integration of biodiversity in national tourism policies. World Tourism Organization, Madrid. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284424900.