Attachment Theory Self Compassion and Body Image
Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 17, 31.12.2019
Kübra Aktaran
A. Meltem Üstündag-budak
Öz
Body image
reflects one’s mental image of one’s physical body and one’s attitude towards
the physical self. Recent developments in emotion regulation research underline
the importance of self-compassion in accepting self and others. Similarly, attachment experiences influence
how the view of self and others developed and transferred from childhood to
adulthood. According to the current
research adverse attachment experiences are linked to low self-compassion. The
individual differences in the development of self-compassion require further
examination. Thus this paper reviews the literature to establish the possible
link between these constructs and guide researchers for further research and
inform clinicians about self-compassion and attachment styles relationship with
body image.
Kaynakça
- Albertson, E.R., Neff,K.D., Dill-Shackleford, K.E. (2014). Self-compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3), 444-454.
- Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., Clark, L. (2016). Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 28-39.
- Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., Clark, L. (2016b). Predictors and health-related outcomes of positive body image in adolescent girls: A prospective study, Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 463-474.
- Arji, M., Borjali, A., Sohrabi, F., Farrokhi, N.A. (2016). Role of perfectionism and body image in the prediction of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 3(3) 1-4.
- Arslangiray, N. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinde beden imajının yordayıcıları olarak bağlanma stilleri ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri. (Unpublished master dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Bearman, S.K. Presnell, K., Martinez, E., Stice, E. (2006). The skinny on body dissatisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 229-241.
- Bem, S.L. (1993). The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Bogdan, T.L.R, Piontkowski, S., Hui, K., Ziemer, K.S., Garriot, P.O. (2016). Self-compassion as a mediator between attachment anxiety and body appreciation: An exploratory model, Body Image. 19(2016), 28-36.
- Bowlby J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
- Braun, T.D., Park,C.L., Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body Image, 17, 117-131.
- Brennan, M.A., Lalonde, C.E., Bain, J.L. (2010). Body image perceptions: Do gender differences exist?. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 15(3), 130-138.
- Bretherton, I., Munholland, K.A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In Cassidy, J., Shaver, P.R. (Eds), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. (pp. 89-111). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Buhl-Neilsen, B. (2006). Mirrors, body image, and self. International Congress Series, 1286, 87-94.
- Cafri, G., Yamamiya, Y., Brannick, M., Thompson, J.K. (2005). The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis. Science and Practice, 12(4), 421-433.
- Cash, T.F. (2004). Body Image: Past, Present, and Future. Body Image, 1, 1-5.
- Cash, T.F., Brown, T.A. (1987). Body image in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Behavior Modification, 11, 487-521.
- Cash, T.F., Fleming, E.C. (2002). The impact of body experiences: Development of the body image quality of life inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 455-460.
Cash, T.F., Pruzinsky, T. (2002). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Cash, T.F., Theriault, J., Annis, N.M. (2004). Body image in an interpersonal context: Adult attachment, fear of intimacy, and social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 89-103.
- Cheng, H.L., Mallinckrodt, B. (2009). Parental bonds, anxious attachment, media internalization, and body image dissatisfaction: Exploring a mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 365-375.
- Clark, M.M., Croghan, I.T., Reading, S., Schroeder, D.R., Stoner, S.M., Patten, C.A., Vickers, K.S. (2005). The relationship of body image dissatisfaction to cigarette smoking in college students. Body Image, 2(3), 263-270.
- Clarke, L.H., Korotchenko, A. (2011). Aging and the body: A review. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 30(3), 495-510.
- Clode, J., Lewis, V., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2016). Body image concerns as predictors of psychology students’ confidence with clients. Applied Behavioral Research, 21(4), 253-261.
- Del-Giudice, M. (2019). Sex differences in attachment Styles. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 1-5.
- DeVille, D.C., Ellmo, F.I., Horton, W., Erchull, M.J. (2015). The role of romantic attachment in women’s experiences of body surveillance and body shame. Gender Issues, 32, 111-120.
- Dubey, M., Sharma, O.P. (2016). Body image, self-esteem and psychological well-being of aged: A correlational study. Indian Journal of Healh and Well-Being, 7(10), 973-975.
- Duchesne, A., Dion, J., Lalande, D., Begin, C., Emond, C., Lalande, G., McDuff, P. (2017). body dissatisfaction and psychological distress in adolescents: Is self-Esteem a mediator?. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(12), 1563-1569.
- El Ansari, W., Dibba, E., Stock, C. (2014). Body image concerns: Levels, correlates and gender differences among students in the United Kingdom. Central European Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 106-117.
- Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-210.
- Fraley R.C., Waller, N.G., Brennan, K.A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365.
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
- Gardner, R.M. (2011). Perceptual measures of body image for adolescents and adults. In Cash, T.F., Smolak, L. (Eds.), Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention (pp. 146-153). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Gilbert, P. (2005a). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In Gilbert, P. (Ed), Compassion: Conceptualizations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy (pp. 9-74). London: Routledge.
- Gilbert, P., Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379.
- Göksan, B. (2007). Ergenlerde beden imaji ve beden dismorfik bozuluğu. (Master‘s Thesis). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Kliniği, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Grogan, S. (1999). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. London: Routledge.
- Haick, T. (2012). The relationship between attachment organization, mirror behavior and body image dissatisfaction in mothers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The New School for Social Research: New York, NY.
- Hoffman, S. Warschburger, P. (2017). Weight, shape, and muscularity concerns in male and female adolescents: Predictors of change and influences on eating concern. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 50(2), 139-147.
- Jopling, D.A. (2000). Self-knowledge and the self. London: Routledge.
- Keklik, I. (2011). Relationships of attachment styles and gender, personal meaning, depressiveness and trait-anxiety among college students. Education and Science, 36, 84-95.
Kelly, A.C., Stephen, E. (2016). A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students. Body Image, 17, 152-160.
- Kernberg, P. F. (2007). In Buhl-Nielsen, B., & Normandin, L. Beyond the reflection: The role of the mirror paradigm in clinical practice. New York, NY: Other Press.
- Kirckpatrick, L.E., Hazan, C. (1994). Attachment styles and close relationships: A four-year prospective study. Personal Relationships, 1, 123-142.
- Koskina, N., Giovazolias, T. (2010). The effect of attachment insecurity in the development of eating disturbances across gender: The role of body dissatisfaction. The Journal of Psychology, 144(5), 449-471.
- Krueger, D.W. (2002a) Psychodynamic perspectives on body image. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds), Body Image: A Handbook of a Psychology, (pp. 30-37). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Krueger, D.W. (2002b). Integrating body self & psychological self. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Lev-Ari, L., Baumgarten-Katz, B., Zohar, A.H. (2014). Show me your friends, and I shall show you who you are: The way attachment and social comparisons influence body dissatisfaction. Wiley Online Library, 463-469.
- Levine, M.P., Smolak, L. (2002). Body image development in adolescence. In T.F. Cash, Pruzinsky, T. (Eds). Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, And Clinical Practice, (pp.13-21). New York: Guilford Press.
- Mackintosh, K., Power, K., Schwannuer, M., Chan, S.W.Y. (2017). The relationships between self-compassion, attachment and interpersonal problems in clinical patients with mixed anxiety and depression and emotional distress. Mindfulness, 9(3), 961-971.
- Main, M., Cassidy, J. (1988). Categories of response to reunion with the parent at the age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology, 24, 1-12.
- Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1&2), 66-104.
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Yıl 2019,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 1 - 17, 31.12.2019
Kübra Aktaran
A. Meltem Üstündag-budak
Kaynakça
- Albertson, E.R., Neff,K.D., Dill-Shackleford, K.E. (2014). Self-compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3), 444-454.
- Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., Clark, L. (2016). Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviors. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 28-39.
- Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., Clark, L. (2016b). Predictors and health-related outcomes of positive body image in adolescent girls: A prospective study, Developmental Psychology, 52(3), 463-474.
- Arji, M., Borjali, A., Sohrabi, F., Farrokhi, N.A. (2016). Role of perfectionism and body image in the prediction of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology, 3(3) 1-4.
- Arslangiray, N. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinde beden imajının yordayıcıları olarak bağlanma stilleri ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri. (Unpublished master dissertation). Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Bearman, S.K. Presnell, K., Martinez, E., Stice, E. (2006). The skinny on body dissatisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 229-241.
- Bem, S.L. (1993). The Lenses of Gender: Transforming the Debate on Sexual Inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Bogdan, T.L.R, Piontkowski, S., Hui, K., Ziemer, K.S., Garriot, P.O. (2016). Self-compassion as a mediator between attachment anxiety and body appreciation: An exploratory model, Body Image. 19(2016), 28-36.
- Bowlby J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
- Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York: Basic Books.
- Braun, T.D., Park,C.L., Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body Image, 17, 117-131.
- Brennan, M.A., Lalonde, C.E., Bain, J.L. (2010). Body image perceptions: Do gender differences exist?. Psi Chi Journal of Undergraduate Research, 15(3), 130-138.
- Bretherton, I., Munholland, K.A. (1999). Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In Cassidy, J., Shaver, P.R. (Eds), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. (pp. 89-111). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Buhl-Neilsen, B. (2006). Mirrors, body image, and self. International Congress Series, 1286, 87-94.
- Cafri, G., Yamamiya, Y., Brannick, M., Thompson, J.K. (2005). The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis. Science and Practice, 12(4), 421-433.
- Cash, T.F. (2004). Body Image: Past, Present, and Future. Body Image, 1, 1-5.
- Cash, T.F., Brown, T.A. (1987). Body image in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Behavior Modification, 11, 487-521.
- Cash, T.F., Fleming, E.C. (2002). The impact of body experiences: Development of the body image quality of life inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 31(4), 455-460.
Cash, T.F., Pruzinsky, T. (2002). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Cash, T.F., Theriault, J., Annis, N.M. (2004). Body image in an interpersonal context: Adult attachment, fear of intimacy, and social anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 89-103.
- Cheng, H.L., Mallinckrodt, B. (2009). Parental bonds, anxious attachment, media internalization, and body image dissatisfaction: Exploring a mediation model. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 365-375.
- Clark, M.M., Croghan, I.T., Reading, S., Schroeder, D.R., Stoner, S.M., Patten, C.A., Vickers, K.S. (2005). The relationship of body image dissatisfaction to cigarette smoking in college students. Body Image, 2(3), 263-270.
- Clarke, L.H., Korotchenko, A. (2011). Aging and the body: A review. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 30(3), 495-510.
- Clode, J., Lewis, V., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2016). Body image concerns as predictors of psychology students’ confidence with clients. Applied Behavioral Research, 21(4), 253-261.
- Del-Giudice, M. (2019). Sex differences in attachment Styles. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 1-5.
- DeVille, D.C., Ellmo, F.I., Horton, W., Erchull, M.J. (2015). The role of romantic attachment in women’s experiences of body surveillance and body shame. Gender Issues, 32, 111-120.
- Dubey, M., Sharma, O.P. (2016). Body image, self-esteem and psychological well-being of aged: A correlational study. Indian Journal of Healh and Well-Being, 7(10), 973-975.
- Duchesne, A., Dion, J., Lalande, D., Begin, C., Emond, C., Lalande, G., McDuff, P. (2017). body dissatisfaction and psychological distress in adolescents: Is self-Esteem a mediator?. Journal of Health Psychology, 22(12), 1563-1569.
- El Ansari, W., Dibba, E., Stock, C. (2014). Body image concerns: Levels, correlates and gender differences among students in the United Kingdom. Central European Journal of Public Health, 22(2), 106-117.
- Ferreira, C., Pinto-Gouveia, J., Duarte, C. (2013). Self-compassion in the face of shame and body image dissatisfaction: Implications for eating disorders. Eating Behaviors, 14(2), 207-210.
- Fraley R.C., Waller, N.G., Brennan, K.A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365.
- Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218.
- Gardner, R.M. (2011). Perceptual measures of body image for adolescents and adults. In Cash, T.F., Smolak, L. (Eds.), Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention (pp. 146-153). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Gilbert, P. (2005a). Compassion and cruelty: A biopsychosocial approach. In Gilbert, P. (Ed), Compassion: Conceptualizations, Research and Use in Psychotherapy (pp. 9-74). London: Routledge.
- Gilbert, P., Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379.
- Göksan, B. (2007). Ergenlerde beden imaji ve beden dismorfik bozuluğu. (Master‘s Thesis). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Şişli Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Psikiyatri Kliniği, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- Grogan, S. (1999). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women, and children. London: Routledge.
- Haick, T. (2012). The relationship between attachment organization, mirror behavior and body image dissatisfaction in mothers. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The New School for Social Research: New York, NY.
- Hoffman, S. Warschburger, P. (2017). Weight, shape, and muscularity concerns in male and female adolescents: Predictors of change and influences on eating concern. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 50(2), 139-147.
- Jopling, D.A. (2000). Self-knowledge and the self. London: Routledge.
- Keklik, I. (2011). Relationships of attachment styles and gender, personal meaning, depressiveness and trait-anxiety among college students. Education and Science, 36, 84-95.
Kelly, A.C., Stephen, E. (2016). A daily diary study of self-compassion, body image, and eating behavior in female college students. Body Image, 17, 152-160.
- Kernberg, P. F. (2007). In Buhl-Nielsen, B., & Normandin, L. Beyond the reflection: The role of the mirror paradigm in clinical practice. New York, NY: Other Press.
- Kirckpatrick, L.E., Hazan, C. (1994). Attachment styles and close relationships: A four-year prospective study. Personal Relationships, 1, 123-142.
- Koskina, N., Giovazolias, T. (2010). The effect of attachment insecurity in the development of eating disturbances across gender: The role of body dissatisfaction. The Journal of Psychology, 144(5), 449-471.
- Krueger, D.W. (2002a) Psychodynamic perspectives on body image. In T.F. Cash & T. Pruzinsky (Eds), Body Image: A Handbook of a Psychology, (pp. 30-37). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Krueger, D.W. (2002b). Integrating body self & psychological self. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Lev-Ari, L., Baumgarten-Katz, B., Zohar, A.H. (2014). Show me your friends, and I shall show you who you are: The way attachment and social comparisons influence body dissatisfaction. Wiley Online Library, 463-469.
- Levine, M.P., Smolak, L. (2002). Body image development in adolescence. In T.F. Cash, Pruzinsky, T. (Eds). Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, And Clinical Practice, (pp.13-21). New York: Guilford Press.
- Mackintosh, K., Power, K., Schwannuer, M., Chan, S.W.Y. (2017). The relationships between self-compassion, attachment and interpersonal problems in clinical patients with mixed anxiety and depression and emotional distress. Mindfulness, 9(3), 961-971.
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