EUTHANASIA SERVICES: THE NEXT HEALTH TOURISM WAVE

Öz

This paper explores euthanasia as a medical tourism product.  Euthanasia and physician assisted suicide are generating much controversy and have been legalized in some countries and banned in others. The study examines the trends, characteristics and legality of euthanasia as tourism product. A comparative analysis between selected western (Netherlands, Mexico) and eastern countries (Japan, India) is provided. Euthanasia services are gaining popularity and becoming tourism pull factors in few western countries. Whereas, eastern countries provide euthanasia services only to the local population. The research showed that countries with strong religious convictions tend to oppose euthanasia more than those with less religious convictions. Due to “Die with Dignity” campaign, the number of euthanasia supporters in developed countries is increasing tremendously. An increasing number of affluent residents of the world will continue to travel to euthanasia service providing western countries in the pursuit of a new tourism product (euthanasia). 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Euthanasia Medical Tourism, Health Tourism, Tourism Product

Kaynakça

1. References
2. Bernheim, J., Distelmans, W., Mullie, A., & Ashby, M. (2014). Questions and Answers on the Belgian Model of Integral End-of-Life Care: Experiment? Prototype? Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 6-9.
3. Bosch, D. J. (2014, Feb 13). Belgium Extends Euthanasia Law to Kids. (C. Mcdonald-Gibson, Interviewer)
4. Božidar, B., & Veljko, T. (2014). Euthanasia: Murder or Not: A Comparative Approach. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 1316-1317.
5. Cessou, S. (2014, July 17). Euthanasia and assisted suicide laws around the world. Netherlands. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jul/17/euthanasia-assisted-suicide-laws-world
6. Davidson, S. (2012). Before We Say Goodbye. Auckland: CapeCately Ltd.
7. Emmott, R. (2008, June 3). Euthanasia tourists snap up pet shop drug in Mexico. Retrieved from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/06/03/uk-mexico-euthanasia-idUKN0329945820080603
8. Fischer, S., Huber, C. A., Imhof, L., Mahrer, I., Furter, M., Ziegler, & Bosshard, G. (2008). Suicide assisted by two Swiss right-to-die organisations. Journal of Medical Ethics.

9. Guathiar, S., Musbach, J., Reisch, T., & Bartsch, C. (2014). Suicide tourism: a pilot study on the Swiss phenomenon. Journal of Medical Ethics, 3-5.
10. Hoffman, M. C. (2010, November 26). Archbishop warns faithful about dangers of ‘living wills’. Leon, Guanajuato, Maxico: Life Site News. Retrieved from https://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archbishop-warns-faithful-about-dangers-of-living-wills
11. Huxtable, R. (2009). The Suicide Tourist Trap: Compromise Across Boundaries. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 327-336.
12. Karlsson, M. (2011). End of Life care and Euthanasia: Attitudes of Medical Students and Dying Cancer Patients. Karolinska Institutet, 14-23.
13. Keating, L. (2012). Uncovering the scary reasons behind Switzerland’s suicide tourism. Tech Times.
14. Kooren, M. (2014, August 21). Reuters News. Retrieved from rt.com: http://rt.com/news/181980-dignitas-assisted-suicide-switzerland/
15. Lacey, M. (2008, July 21). In Tijuana, a Market for Death in a Bottle. The NewYork Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/21/world/americas/21tijuana.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
16. Lakshmi, R. (2015, January 4). Tragic case prompts India to adopt law permitting 'passive' euthanasia. Retrieved from The Sydney Morning Herald: http://www.smh.com.au/world/tragic-case-prompts-india-to-adopt-law-permitting-passive-euthanasia-20150104-12hj9x.html
17. Mahmood, K. (2008). Difference Between Voluntary active and voluntary passove Euthanasia: An etico-legal Perspective. Rawal Medical Journal , 242-243.
18. Manning, M. (1998). Euthanasia and Physician-assisted Suicide: Killing Or Caring? New Jersey: Paulist Press.
19. Materstvedt, L., & Kaasa, S. (2002). Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide in Scandinavia--with a conceptual suggestion regarding international research in relation to the phenomena. Palliat Med, 20-28.
20. Miller, D., & Gonzalez, C. (2013). When death is the destination: the business of death tourism despite legal and social implication. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitalilty Research, 293-306.
21. Nitschke, P., & Stewart, F. (2007). The Peaceful Pill Handbook. United States: Exit International US.
22. Norman, G. V. (2012). The Ethics of Ending Life: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide, Part 1. CSA Bulletin, 66.
23. Patten, W., Naqvi, S., Raszynski, A., & Totapally, B. R. (2015). Complications during the management of pediatric refractory status epilepticus with benzodiazepine and pentobarbital infusions. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 19(5), 275-277.
24. Reich, W. T. (1978). Encyclopedia of Bioethics (Vol. 1). New York: The Free Press.
25. Reid, S. (2015, January 1). News Article: Dailymail. Retrieved from Dailymail website: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2893778/As-debate-assisted-suicide-dispatch-Holland-thousands-choose-die-year.html
26. Rietjens, J., Maas, P., Philipsen, B., Delden, J., & Heide, A. (2009). Two Decades of Research on Euthanasia from the Netherlands. What Have We Learnt and What Questions Remain? Journal of Bioethical Inquiry.
27. Robin, E. (2008, June 4). Euthanasia tourists snap up pet shop drug in Mexico. Nuevo Laredo, Mexico: Reuters. Retrieved from http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/06/03/uk-mexico-euthanasia-idUKN0329945820080603
28. Ross, W. (2015, February 12). Dying Dutch: Euthanasia Spreads Across Europe. Netherlands: News Week. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/20/choosing-die-netherlands-euthanasia-debate-306223.html
29. Roxby, P. (2012). Assisted suicide: 10 years of dying at Dignitas. BBC News.
30. Roy, C. (2011). Position on Euthanasia in India- An Analytical Study. The Indian Jounal of Criminology and Criminalistics, 5(2). doi:10.5958/j.0974-5041.5.2.020
31. Safyan, A. R. (2011). A call for international regulation of the thriving "industry" of death tourism. Loyola of Los Angeles international & comparative law review, 287-315.
32. Sheldon, T. (2007). Obituary: Andries Postma. British Medical Journal.
33. Supreme Court's judgment on Aruna Shanbaug euthanasia petition, 115 OF 2009 (Supreme Court of India March 7, 2011).
34. Tinne, S., Joachim, C., Johan, B., Yanna Van, W., Mette, R., & Luc, D. (2011). Attitudes and Experiences of Belgian Physicians Regarding Euthanasia Practice and the Euthanasia Law. Journal of Pain and symptom Management, 2-4.
35. William, G. J. (1985). Th Wrongfulness of Euthanasia in Applying Ethics: A Text with Readings. California: Wadsworth Publishing co.