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INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC CRISES ON THE HEALTHSYSTEM IN TURKEY: AN ARDL BOUNDS TESTING APPROACH

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 427 - 442, 20.03.2021

Öz

In this study, the impacts of 1994, 2001 and 2009 economic crises on 9 indicators related to the
health system in Turkey between 1974-2015 were investigated through the ARDL Cointegration approach. It was found that the 1994 economic crisis affected the total number of other health personnel significantly (p<0.05) in a negative way. The 2001 economic crisis was found to have a significantly negative effect on public health expenditures, total health expenditures and number of beds. For the 2009 economic crisis, private and total health expenditures decreased significantly (p<0,05), while public health expenditures increased significantly (p<0.05). Conclusively, in this study, it has been found that political choice plays
an important factor in the impacts of the economic crises on the health system.

Kaynakça

  • Babych, Y. V. (2011). Political Regime Changes, Crises and Growth in Historical Perspective, The George Washington University.
  • Borowy, I. (2011). Similar but different: health and economic crisis in 1990s Cuba and Russia. Social science & medicine, 72(9), 1489-1498.
  • Bulutay, T. (1995). Employment, unemployment and wages in Turkey. Ankara: State Institute of Statistics.
  • Ciftci, F. (2009). The Effects of Capital Flows on Developing Countries’ Economic Growth in the Process of Globalization: The Case of Turkey. Master thesis, Muğla University.
  • Ciftci, F. & Yildiz, R. (2015). The Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Time Series Analysis on the Turkish Economy. Business and Economics Research Journal, 6(4), 71-95. Clemens, T., Michelsen, K., Commers, M., Garel, P., Dowdeswell, B. & Brand, H. (2014). European hospital reforms in times of crisis: Aligning cost containment needs with plans for structural redesign?. Health policy, 117(1), 6-14.
  • Cutler, D. M., Knaul, F., Lozano, R., Méndez, O. & Zurita, B. (2002). Financial crisis, health outcomes and ageing: Mexico in the 1980s and 1990. Journal of Public Economics, 84(2), 279-303.
  • De Belvis, A. G., Ferrè, F., Specchia, M. L., Valerio, L., Fattore, G. & Ricciardi, W. (2012). The Financial Crisis in Italy: Implications for the Healthcare Sector. Health policy, 106(1), 10-16.
  • Doctors of World (2014). Access to healthcare in Europe in time of crisis and rising xenophobia: an overview of the situation of people excluded from healthcare systems. Retrived 21 February 2015, https://www.medicosdelmundo.org/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.do cumentos_MdM_Report_access_healthcare_times_crisis_and_rising_xenophobia_edcfd8a 3%232E%23pdf
  • Dubois, H. and Molinuevo, D. (2014). Access to healthcare in times of crisis. Luxembourg: Publ. Office of the Europ. Union.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 251-276.
  • Erdem, E., Ilgun, M. F. & Dumrul, C. (2011). The Effect of Financial Pressure on the Banking Lending Policy: A Review under the 2008 Global Crisis on the Turkey. Journal of BRSA Banking and Financial Markets, 5(1), 9-34.
  • Erdogan, S. & Bozkurt, H. (2008). The Relation between Life Expectation and Economic Growth: An Analyse with Ardl Model. The Journal of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management, 3(1), 25-38.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic econometrics. 4th ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Gujarati, D. N. (2011). Basic econometrics by example. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. HOPE (European Hospital and Healthcare Federation). (2011). The Crisis, Hospitals and Health Care. European Hospital and Healthcare Federation.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-54.
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inferences on Cointegration-with Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. Keegan, C., Thomas, S., Normand, C. & Portela, C., (2013). Measuring recession severity and its impact on healthcare expenditure. International journal of health care finance and economics, 13(2), 139-155.
  • Kim, N. & Serra-Garcia, M. (2010). Economic Crisis, Health and Education in Jamaica. Paper for UNDP’s Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean project on “The Effects of the Economic Crisis on the Well-Being of Households in Latin America and the Caribbean.
  • Kondilis, E., Giannakopoulos, S., Gavana, M., Ierodiakonou, I., Waitzkin, H. & Benos, A. (2013). Economic crisis, restrictive policies, and the population’s health and health care: The Greek case. American journal of public health, 103(6), 973-979.
  • KPGM (KPGM International Cooperative). (2012). Acute or chronic: the impact of economic crisis on healthcare and health. KPGM Issue Monitor, 9.
  • Lehto, J., Vrangbaek, K. & Winbland, U. (2012). The Impact of Macroeconomic Crisis on Nordic Health System Policies: Denmark, Finland and Sweden, 1980-2012. Retrieved 13 July 2014, http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/juhani-lehto-impact-global-recession- health-care-denmark-finland-sweden-kings-fund-sept12.pdf
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11, 601-618.
  • McKee, M. (2013). The financial crisis in the EU: its impact on the health sector. Retrieved 23 February 2014,
  • http://www.ose.be/files/midi_OSE/McKee_2013_Slides_OSENIHDISession_040213.pdf Menabde, N. (2009). Health policy in times of crisis: challenge and opportunity. Retrieved 21 February 2014,
  • http://www.hpm.org/Downloads/HPM_SPOTLIGHTS/HPM_Spotlight_hp_in_times_of_cr isis_Dec_09.pdf
  • Mladovsky, P., Srivastava, D., Cylus, J., Karanikolos, M., Evetovits, T., Thomson, S. & McKee, M. (2012a). Health policy in the financial crisis. Eurohealth, 18(1) 3-6.
  • Mladovsky, P., Srivastava, D., Cylus, J., Karanikolos, M., Evetovits, T., Thomson, S. & McKee, M. (2012b). Health policy responses to the financial crisis in Europe: Policy Summary 5. World Health Organization and European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
  • Modrek, S., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Cullen, M. R. & Basu, S. (2013). A review of health consequences of recessions internationally and a synthesis of the US response during the Great Recession. Public Health Reviews, 35(1), 1-33. Musgrove, P. (1997). Economic crisis and health policy response. Georges Tapinos, Andrew Mason, Jorge Bravo (Eds.), Demographic responses to economic adjustment in Latin America. Lille: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
  • Musgrove, P. (2004). Health economics in development. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Narayan, P. K. & Smyth, R. (2006). What Determines Migration Flows from Low-Income to High-Income Countries? An Empirical Investigation of Fiji-Us Migration 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342.
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). Determinats of Demand of Fiji’s Exports: An Empirical Investigation. The Developing Economics, 17(1), 95-112.
  • OECD. (2016). OECD Statistics: health expenditure and financing. Retrieved 5 August 2016, http://stats.oecd.org/
  • Oskanbayev, Y., Yilmaz, M. & Chgirov, D. (2011). The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Stock Exchange Performance in Kazakhstan. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2985-2991.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I (1) Processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Salleh, N. H. M., Othman, R. & Ramachandran, S. (2007). Malaysia’s Tourism Demand from Selected Countries: The Ardl Approach to Cointegration. International Journal of Economics and Management, 1(3), 345-363.
  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A. & McKee, M. (2009). The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis. The Lancet, 374(9686), 315-323.
  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S.y; Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A. & McKee, M. (2011). Effects of the 2008 Recession on Health: A First Look at European Data. Lancet, 378, 124-125.
  • Tangcharoensathien, V., Harnvoravongchai, P., Pitayarangsarit, S. & Kasemsup, V. (2000). Health Impacts of Rapid Economic Changes in Thiland. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 789- 907.
  • Thomas, S., Keegan, C., Barry, S., Layte, R., Jowett, M., Portela, C. & Normand, C. (2012). Resilience of the Irish Health System: Surviving and Utilising the Economic Contraction. Year 1 Report of the Resilience Project, Trinity College Dublin, Centre for Health Policy and Management. Tuncsiper, B. & Bicen, O. F. (2013). The Effects of European Debt Crisis on Turkey's Exports. Paper presented at the International conference on Eurasian economies, 17-18 September, 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  • Ministry of Development of the Republic of Turkey. (2014). Tenth development plan (2014- 2018) medical device and medical material working group report. Ankara: Ministry of Development of the Republic of Turkey.
  • TurkStat. (2016a). Employment statistics. Retrieved 8 August 2016, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007
  • TurkStat. (2016b). Health statistics. Retrieved 9 August 2016, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=251
  • TurkStat. (2017). Health statistics. Retrieved 29 April 2017, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=252
  • Wang, Y-S. (2009). The impact of crisis events and macroeconomic activity on Taiwan's international inbound tourism demand. Tourism Management. 30(1), 75-82.
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 427 - 442, 20.03.2021

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Babych, Y. V. (2011). Political Regime Changes, Crises and Growth in Historical Perspective, The George Washington University.
  • Borowy, I. (2011). Similar but different: health and economic crisis in 1990s Cuba and Russia. Social science & medicine, 72(9), 1489-1498.
  • Bulutay, T. (1995). Employment, unemployment and wages in Turkey. Ankara: State Institute of Statistics.
  • Ciftci, F. (2009). The Effects of Capital Flows on Developing Countries’ Economic Growth in the Process of Globalization: The Case of Turkey. Master thesis, Muğla University.
  • Ciftci, F. & Yildiz, R. (2015). The Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Time Series Analysis on the Turkish Economy. Business and Economics Research Journal, 6(4), 71-95. Clemens, T., Michelsen, K., Commers, M., Garel, P., Dowdeswell, B. & Brand, H. (2014). European hospital reforms in times of crisis: Aligning cost containment needs with plans for structural redesign?. Health policy, 117(1), 6-14.
  • Cutler, D. M., Knaul, F., Lozano, R., Méndez, O. & Zurita, B. (2002). Financial crisis, health outcomes and ageing: Mexico in the 1980s and 1990. Journal of Public Economics, 84(2), 279-303.
  • De Belvis, A. G., Ferrè, F., Specchia, M. L., Valerio, L., Fattore, G. & Ricciardi, W. (2012). The Financial Crisis in Italy: Implications for the Healthcare Sector. Health policy, 106(1), 10-16.
  • Doctors of World (2014). Access to healthcare in Europe in time of crisis and rising xenophobia: an overview of the situation of people excluded from healthcare systems. Retrived 21 February 2015, https://www.medicosdelmundo.org/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descargar/fichero.do cumentos_MdM_Report_access_healthcare_times_crisis_and_rising_xenophobia_edcfd8a 3%232E%23pdf
  • Dubois, H. and Molinuevo, D. (2014). Access to healthcare in times of crisis. Luxembourg: Publ. Office of the Europ. Union.
  • Engle, R. F. & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing. Econometrica, 251-276.
  • Erdem, E., Ilgun, M. F. & Dumrul, C. (2011). The Effect of Financial Pressure on the Banking Lending Policy: A Review under the 2008 Global Crisis on the Turkey. Journal of BRSA Banking and Financial Markets, 5(1), 9-34.
  • Erdogan, S. & Bozkurt, H. (2008). The Relation between Life Expectation and Economic Growth: An Analyse with Ardl Model. The Journal of Knowledge Economy and Knowledge Management, 3(1), 25-38.
  • Gujarati, D. N. (2004). Basic econometrics. 4th ed. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Gujarati, D. N. (2011). Basic econometrics by example. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. HOPE (European Hospital and Healthcare Federation). (2011). The Crisis, Hospitals and Health Care. European Hospital and Healthcare Federation.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231-54.
  • Johansen, S. & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inferences on Cointegration-with Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. Keegan, C., Thomas, S., Normand, C. & Portela, C., (2013). Measuring recession severity and its impact on healthcare expenditure. International journal of health care finance and economics, 13(2), 139-155.
  • Kim, N. & Serra-Garcia, M. (2010). Economic Crisis, Health and Education in Jamaica. Paper for UNDP’s Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean project on “The Effects of the Economic Crisis on the Well-Being of Households in Latin America and the Caribbean.
  • Kondilis, E., Giannakopoulos, S., Gavana, M., Ierodiakonou, I., Waitzkin, H. & Benos, A. (2013). Economic crisis, restrictive policies, and the population’s health and health care: The Greek case. American journal of public health, 103(6), 973-979.
  • KPGM (KPGM International Cooperative). (2012). Acute or chronic: the impact of economic crisis on healthcare and health. KPGM Issue Monitor, 9.
  • Lehto, J., Vrangbaek, K. & Winbland, U. (2012). The Impact of Macroeconomic Crisis on Nordic Health System Policies: Denmark, Finland and Sweden, 1980-2012. Retrieved 13 July 2014, http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/juhani-lehto-impact-global-recession- health-care-denmark-finland-sweden-kings-fund-sept12.pdf
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11, 601-618.
  • McKee, M. (2013). The financial crisis in the EU: its impact on the health sector. Retrieved 23 February 2014,
  • http://www.ose.be/files/midi_OSE/McKee_2013_Slides_OSENIHDISession_040213.pdf Menabde, N. (2009). Health policy in times of crisis: challenge and opportunity. Retrieved 21 February 2014,
  • http://www.hpm.org/Downloads/HPM_SPOTLIGHTS/HPM_Spotlight_hp_in_times_of_cr isis_Dec_09.pdf
  • Mladovsky, P., Srivastava, D., Cylus, J., Karanikolos, M., Evetovits, T., Thomson, S. & McKee, M. (2012a). Health policy in the financial crisis. Eurohealth, 18(1) 3-6.
  • Mladovsky, P., Srivastava, D., Cylus, J., Karanikolos, M., Evetovits, T., Thomson, S. & McKee, M. (2012b). Health policy responses to the financial crisis in Europe: Policy Summary 5. World Health Organization and European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.
  • Modrek, S., Stuckler, D., McKee, M., Cullen, M. R. & Basu, S. (2013). A review of health consequences of recessions internationally and a synthesis of the US response during the Great Recession. Public Health Reviews, 35(1), 1-33. Musgrove, P. (1997). Economic crisis and health policy response. Georges Tapinos, Andrew Mason, Jorge Bravo (Eds.), Demographic responses to economic adjustment in Latin America. Lille: International Union for the Scientific Study of Population.
  • Musgrove, P. (2004). Health economics in development. Washington D.C.: The World Bank. Narayan, P. K. & Smyth, R. (2006). What Determines Migration Flows from Low-Income to High-Income Countries? An Empirical Investigation of Fiji-Us Migration 1972–2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332-342.
  • Narayan, S. & Narayan, P. K. (2004). Determinats of Demand of Fiji’s Exports: An Empirical Investigation. The Developing Economics, 17(1), 95-112.
  • OECD. (2016). OECD Statistics: health expenditure and financing. Retrieved 5 August 2016, http://stats.oecd.org/
  • Oskanbayev, Y., Yilmaz, M. & Chgirov, D. (2011). The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Stock Exchange Performance in Kazakhstan. African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2985-2991.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. B. & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I (1) Processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Salleh, N. H. M., Othman, R. & Ramachandran, S. (2007). Malaysia’s Tourism Demand from Selected Countries: The Ardl Approach to Cointegration. International Journal of Economics and Management, 1(3), 345-363.
  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A. & McKee, M. (2009). The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: an empirical analysis. The Lancet, 374(9686), 315-323.
  • Stuckler, D., Basu, S.y; Suhrcke, M., Coutts, A. & McKee, M. (2011). Effects of the 2008 Recession on Health: A First Look at European Data. Lancet, 378, 124-125.
  • Tangcharoensathien, V., Harnvoravongchai, P., Pitayarangsarit, S. & Kasemsup, V. (2000). Health Impacts of Rapid Economic Changes in Thiland. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 789- 907.
  • Thomas, S., Keegan, C., Barry, S., Layte, R., Jowett, M., Portela, C. & Normand, C. (2012). Resilience of the Irish Health System: Surviving and Utilising the Economic Contraction. Year 1 Report of the Resilience Project, Trinity College Dublin, Centre for Health Policy and Management. Tuncsiper, B. & Bicen, O. F. (2013). The Effects of European Debt Crisis on Turkey's Exports. Paper presented at the International conference on Eurasian economies, 17-18 September, 2013, St. Petersburg, Russia.
  • Ministry of Development of the Republic of Turkey. (2014). Tenth development plan (2014- 2018) medical device and medical material working group report. Ankara: Ministry of Development of the Republic of Turkey.
  • TurkStat. (2016a). Employment statistics. Retrieved 8 August 2016, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007
  • TurkStat. (2016b). Health statistics. Retrieved 9 August 2016, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=251
  • TurkStat. (2017). Health statistics. Retrieved 29 April 2017, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreIstatistikTablo.do?istab_id=252
  • Wang, Y-S. (2009). The impact of crisis events and macroeconomic activity on Taiwan's international inbound tourism demand. Tourism Management. 30(1), 75-82.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ümit Çıraklı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çıraklı, Ü. (2021). INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC CRISES ON THE HEALTHSYSTEM IN TURKEY: AN ARDL BOUNDS TESTING APPROACH. International Journal of Health Management and Tourism, 6(1), 427-442.