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FEMVERTISING PRACTICES IN WELLNESS TOURISM: CASE OF RETREAT CENTERS IN THE UNITED STATES

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 265 - 287, 20.11.2022

Öz

Aim: This study scrutinizes femvertising practices in wellness tourism, in the context of equitable
gender representations and neutralization of gender objectification.
Methods: Goffman’s infantilization theory is employed.
Results: The results chronicle a shift towards egalitarian gender profiling, based on the majority of the coding points. To date, limited studies have scrutinized the concept of femvertising in wellness tourism spaces.
Conclusion: Altogether, this study advances the existing understanding of femvertising in the context of wellness spaces, reiterates prominent shift towards equitable representations of gender and reports analogy in the promotional content and vision of the wellness centers, irrespective of the nature of ownership.

Kaynakça

  • Aitchison, C. (1999). New cultural geographies: The spatiality of leisure, gender and sexuality.Leisure Studies, 18, 19–39.
  • Åkestam, N., Rosengren, S., & Dahlen, M. (2017). Advertising “like a girl”: Toward a better understanding of “femvertising” and its effects. Psychology & Marketing, 34(8), 795–806.
  • Alonso-Almeida, M. del M., & Bremser, K. (2015). Does gender specific decision making exist? EuroMed Journal of Business, 10(1), 47–65.
  • Aramendia-Muneta, M. E., Olarte-Pascual, C., & Hatzithomas, L. (2020). Gender stereotypes in original digital video advertising. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(4), 403-419.
  • Backman, S. J., Huang, Y. C., Chen, C. C., Lee, H. Y., & Cheng, J. S. (2022). Engaging with restorative environments in wellness tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-18.
  • Bartol, K., Martin, D., & Kromkowski, J. (2003). Leadership and the glass ceiling: Gender and ethnic group influences on leader behaviours at middle and executive managerial levels. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(3), 8–19.
  • Becherer, R., Helms, M. & McDonald, J. (2012). The effect of entrepreneurial marketing on outcome goals in SMEs. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 7-18.
  • Bell, P. & Milic, M. (2002). Goffman’s gender advertisements revisited: Combining content analysis with semiotic analysis. Visual communication, 1(2), 203-222.
  • Belingheri, P., Chiarello, F., Fronzetti Colladon, A., & Rovelli, P. (2021). Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator. Plos one, 16(9), e0256474. Bhagwat, Y.,
  • Warren, N., Beck, J. and Watson IV, F. (2020). Corporate sociopolitical activism and firm value. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 84 No. 5, pp. 1-21.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101, DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brooks, T. (2018). Ain't ia yogi?: A critical exploration of symbolic and social boundaries in theyoga world (Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte).
  • Cayton, A. R., & Gray, S. E. (Eds.). (2001). The American midwest: Essays on regional history. Indiana University Press.
  • Chhabra, D., Andereck, K., Yamanoi, K., & Plunkett, D. (2011). Gender equity and social marketing: An analysis of tourism advertisements. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(2), 111-128. Chhabra, D., Andereck, K., Yamanoi, K., & Plunkett, D. (2009). Gender Depictions and LaggingEffects. Anatolia, 20(2), 456-461.
  • Chhabra, D., & Johnston, E. (2014). Dispelling gendered myths in tourism promotional materials: An upstream social marketing perspective. Tourism Analysis, 19(6), 775-780.
  • Dias, Á., Patuleia, M., Silva, R., Estêvão, J., & González-Rodríguez, M. R. (2021). Post-pandemic recovery strategies: Revitalizing lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1-18.
  • Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & González-Rodríguez, M. R. (2020). Developing sustainable business models: Local knowledge acquisition and tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
  • Dillette, A. K., Douglas, A. C., & Andrzejewski, C. (2021). Dimensions of holistic wellness as a result of international wellness tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(6), 794-810.
  • Deslippe, P. (2018). 2018. The Swami Circuit: Mapping the Terrain of Early American Yoga.Journal of Yoga Studies, 1:5-44.
  • Eijk, N. V. (2009). Search engines, the new bottleneck for content access. In Telecommunication Markets (pp. 141-156). Physica, Heidelberg.
  • Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275–300.
  • Feng, Y., Chen, H., and He, L. (2019), “Consumer responses to femvertising: a data-mining case of dove’s “campaign for real beauty” on YouTube”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 292-301.
  • Franco, M. & Prata, M. (2019). Influence of the individual characteristics and personality traits of the founder on the performance of family SMEs. European Journal of International Management, 13(1), 1-1.
  • Hatzithomas, L., Boutsouki, C., & Ziamou, P. (2016). A longitudinal analysis of the changing roles of gender in advertising: A content analysis of Super Bowl commercials. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 888–906.
  • Hoffman, B. (2011). Civil society 2.0? How the internet changes state–society relations in authoritarian regimes: the case of Cuba (GIGA working papers, No. 156). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/ 10419/47847.
  • Hospitality Insights (2022). Hospitality Industry Trends. Retrieved on July 30 from: https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/hospitality-industry-trends
  • Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Iowa Data Center (2022). Women in Iowa. Retrieved from: www.iowadatacenter.org
  • Jack, S. & Anderson, A. (2002). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of business Venturing, 17(5), 467-487.
  • Kang, M. E. (1997). The portrayal of women’s images in magazine advertisements: Goffman’s gender analysis revisited. Sex roles, 37(11), 979-996.
  • Karn, S., & Swain, K. (2017). Health consciousness through wellness tourism: a new dimensionto new age travelers’. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(3), 1-9.
  • Karyotaki, M., Bakola, L., Drigas, A., & Skianis, C. (2022). Women's Leadership via Digital Technology and Entrepreneurship in business and society. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 28, 246.
  • Kay, M., Matuszek, C., & Munson, S. (2015). Unequal representation and gender stereotypes in image search results for occupations. In B. Begole & J. Kim (Eds.), CHI 2015. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3819–3828). Seoul: ACM.
  • Kourtesopoulou, A. & Chatzigianni, E. (2021). Gender Equality and Women's Entrepreneurial Leadership in Tourism: A Systematic Review. Gender and Tourism.
  • Kraus, S., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2010). Entrepreneurial marketing: moving beyond marketing in new ventures. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(1), 19-19.
  • Kyrousi, A. G., Panigyrakis, G. G., & Panopoulos, A. P. (2016). Attitudes toward ads portraying women in decorative roles and female competition: An evolutionary psychology perspective. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 771–798.
  • Kumar, A. & Taunk, A. (2013). Women in the field of advertising and their liking by the consumers in different role portrayals: A case study of Uttar Pradesh, India. Unique Journal ofBusiness Management Research, 1(1), 1–7.
  • Kuratko, D. F. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 1-11.
  • Kuratko, D. F., & Hodgetts, R. M. (2007). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson/South Western Publishing.
  • Lawton, E. (2009). Gender advertisements: replication of a classic work examining women, magazines, and facebook photographs. Retrieved on January 30, 2021: Honirs Thesis; Bryant University: Rhode Island.
  • Lindner, K. (2004). Images of women in general inter- est and fashion magazine advertisementsfrom 1955 to 2002. Sex Roles, 51, 409–421.
  • Massey, D. S. (2007). Categorically unequal: The American stratification system. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation
  • Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., Hatzithomas, L., & Chaput, L. (2022). Femvertising practices on social media: a comparison of luxury and non-luxury brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management, (ahead-of-print).
  • Miller, A. (2018). Yoga R/Evolution: Deconstructing the" Authentic" Yoga Body. University ofCalifornia, Davis.
  • Morrison, A. (2006). A contextualisation of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(4), 192–209. National Geographic (n.d.). United States Regions. Retrieved on July 25, 2022 from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/united-states-regions
  • Kawira, K. D. (2021). The Effect of Product and Service Innovation on the Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. Journal of Marketing and Communication, 4(1), 1-13. Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2018). Gender, advertising and ethics: Marketing Cuba. Tourism Planning & Development, 15(3), 329-346. Nguyen, C. P. (2021). Gender equality and economic complexity. Economic Systems, 45(4), 100921. Pan, S., & Ryan, C. (2007). Gender, framing and travel-ogues. Journal of Travel Research, 45,464–474.
  • Prieler, M., Ivanov, A., & Hagiwara, S. (2015). Gender representations in East Asian advertising: Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea. Communication & Society, 28(1), 27–41.
  • Pollay, R. (1986). The Distorted Mirror: Reflections in the Unintended Consequences ofAdvertising. Journal of Marketing, 50: 18-19.
  • Pritchard, A. (2018). Predicting the next decade of tourism gender research. Tourismmanagement perspectives, 25, 144-146.
  • Pritchard, A. & Morgan, N. (2000). Privileging the male gaze. Annals of Tourism Research,27(4), 884– 905.
  • Ramkissoon, H. (2021). Pro-sociality in times of separation and loss. Current Opinion in Psychology. Rice, T. W., & Coates, D. L. (1995). Gender role attitudes in the southern United States. Gender & Society, 9(6), 744-756.
  • Robinson, R. N., & Beesley, L. G. (2010). Linkages between creativity and intention to quit: An occupational study of chefs. Tourism Management, 31(6), 765-776.
  • Sadiku-Dushi, N., Dana, L. & Ramadani, V. (2019). Entrepreneurial marketing dimensions and SMEs performance. Journal of Business Research, 100(7), 86-99.
  • Sandybayev, A. (2015). Generating factors for female managers in the tourism sector of northern Cyprus. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality, 1(1), 23–28.
  • Sargent, K. (2017). Fat Shaming: Bias and Hiring in the Yoga and Fitness Industry? Negotiation, Conflict Resolution, & Peacebuilding, February 15. Carson, CA: CaliforniaState University
  • Scott, J. (1986). A useful category of historical analysis. The American Historical Review, 91(5),1053– 1075.
  • Sirakaya, E. & Sonmez, S. (2000). Gender images in state tourism brochures: An overlooked area in socially responsible tourism marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 353–362.
  • Tortajada, I., Arauna, N. & Martinez, I. (2013). Advertising stereotypes and gender representation in social networking sites. Scientific Journal of Media Education, 41(21), 177–186.
  • Vieru, M. (2015). Do tourism firms with female CEOs hold higher levels of cash? Finnish Journal of Tourism Research, 11(2), 24–44.
  • Walters, T. (2016). Using thematic analysis in tourism research. Tourism Analysis, 21(1), 107-116. Wang, C., Li, G., & Xu, H. (2019). Impact of lifestyle-oriented motivation on small tourism enterprises’ social responsibility and performance. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1146–1160.
  • Wang, S., Hung, K., & Huang, W. (2019). Motivations for entrepreneurship in the tourism and hospitality sector: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 78–88.
  • Westwood, S., Pritchard, A. & Morgan, N. (2000). Gender-blind marketing: businesswomen'sperceptions of airline services. Tourism Management, 21(4), 353-362.
  • Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding Advertisements. London: Marion Boyars.Yoga in America Study. 2016. “Yoga in America Study Executive Summary: Conducted byYoga Journal & Yoga Alliance.” Yoga Alliance, January 13. Retrieved November 27, 2018 (https://www.yogaalliance.org/2016yogainamericastudy).
  • Zalis, S. (2019). The future of masculinity: Overcoming stereotypes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ shelleyzalis/2019/01/22/the-future-of-masculinity-overcoming-stereotypes/#a5be96b1af34
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 265 - 287, 20.11.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aitchison, C. (1999). New cultural geographies: The spatiality of leisure, gender and sexuality.Leisure Studies, 18, 19–39.
  • Åkestam, N., Rosengren, S., & Dahlen, M. (2017). Advertising “like a girl”: Toward a better understanding of “femvertising” and its effects. Psychology & Marketing, 34(8), 795–806.
  • Alonso-Almeida, M. del M., & Bremser, K. (2015). Does gender specific decision making exist? EuroMed Journal of Business, 10(1), 47–65.
  • Aramendia-Muneta, M. E., Olarte-Pascual, C., & Hatzithomas, L. (2020). Gender stereotypes in original digital video advertising. Journal of Gender Studies, 29(4), 403-419.
  • Backman, S. J., Huang, Y. C., Chen, C. C., Lee, H. Y., & Cheng, J. S. (2022). Engaging with restorative environments in wellness tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-18.
  • Bartol, K., Martin, D., & Kromkowski, J. (2003). Leadership and the glass ceiling: Gender and ethnic group influences on leader behaviours at middle and executive managerial levels. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(3), 8–19.
  • Becherer, R., Helms, M. & McDonald, J. (2012). The effect of entrepreneurial marketing on outcome goals in SMEs. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 7-18.
  • Bell, P. & Milic, M. (2002). Goffman’s gender advertisements revisited: Combining content analysis with semiotic analysis. Visual communication, 1(2), 203-222.
  • Belingheri, P., Chiarello, F., Fronzetti Colladon, A., & Rovelli, P. (2021). Twenty years of gender equality research: A scoping review based on a new semantic indicator. Plos one, 16(9), e0256474. Bhagwat, Y.,
  • Warren, N., Beck, J. and Watson IV, F. (2020). Corporate sociopolitical activism and firm value. Journal of Marketing, Vol. 84 No. 5, pp. 1-21.
  • Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006) Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3:2, 77-101, DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brooks, T. (2018). Ain't ia yogi?: A critical exploration of symbolic and social boundaries in theyoga world (Doctoral dissertation, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte).
  • Cayton, A. R., & Gray, S. E. (Eds.). (2001). The American midwest: Essays on regional history. Indiana University Press.
  • Chhabra, D., Andereck, K., Yamanoi, K., & Plunkett, D. (2011). Gender equity and social marketing: An analysis of tourism advertisements. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(2), 111-128. Chhabra, D., Andereck, K., Yamanoi, K., & Plunkett, D. (2009). Gender Depictions and LaggingEffects. Anatolia, 20(2), 456-461.
  • Chhabra, D., & Johnston, E. (2014). Dispelling gendered myths in tourism promotional materials: An upstream social marketing perspective. Tourism Analysis, 19(6), 775-780.
  • Dias, Á., Patuleia, M., Silva, R., Estêvão, J., & González-Rodríguez, M. R. (2021). Post-pandemic recovery strategies: Revitalizing lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1-18.
  • Dias, Á., Silva, G. M., Patuleia, M., & González-Rodríguez, M. R. (2020). Developing sustainable business models: Local knowledge acquisition and tourism lifestyle entrepreneurship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-20.
  • Dillette, A. K., Douglas, A. C., & Andrzejewski, C. (2021). Dimensions of holistic wellness as a result of international wellness tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(6), 794-810.
  • Deslippe, P. (2018). 2018. The Swami Circuit: Mapping the Terrain of Early American Yoga.Journal of Yoga Studies, 1:5-44.
  • Eijk, N. V. (2009). Search engines, the new bottleneck for content access. In Telecommunication Markets (pp. 141-156). Physica, Heidelberg.
  • Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 275–300.
  • Feng, Y., Chen, H., and He, L. (2019), “Consumer responses to femvertising: a data-mining case of dove’s “campaign for real beauty” on YouTube”, Journal of Advertising, Vol. 48 No. 3, pp. 292-301.
  • Franco, M. & Prata, M. (2019). Influence of the individual characteristics and personality traits of the founder on the performance of family SMEs. European Journal of International Management, 13(1), 1-1.
  • Hatzithomas, L., Boutsouki, C., & Ziamou, P. (2016). A longitudinal analysis of the changing roles of gender in advertising: A content analysis of Super Bowl commercials. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 888–906.
  • Hoffman, B. (2011). Civil society 2.0? How the internet changes state–society relations in authoritarian regimes: the case of Cuba (GIGA working papers, No. 156). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/ 10419/47847.
  • Hospitality Insights (2022). Hospitality Industry Trends. Retrieved on July 30 from: https://hospitalityinsights.ehl.edu/hospitality-industry-trends
  • Goffman, E. (1979). Gender advertisements. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Iowa Data Center (2022). Women in Iowa. Retrieved from: www.iowadatacenter.org
  • Jack, S. & Anderson, A. (2002). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of business Venturing, 17(5), 467-487.
  • Kang, M. E. (1997). The portrayal of women’s images in magazine advertisements: Goffman’s gender analysis revisited. Sex roles, 37(11), 979-996.
  • Karn, S., & Swain, K. (2017). Health consciousness through wellness tourism: a new dimensionto new age travelers’. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(3), 1-9.
  • Karyotaki, M., Bakola, L., Drigas, A., & Skianis, C. (2022). Women's Leadership via Digital Technology and Entrepreneurship in business and society. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 28, 246.
  • Kay, M., Matuszek, C., & Munson, S. (2015). Unequal representation and gender stereotypes in image search results for occupations. In B. Begole & J. Kim (Eds.), CHI 2015. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3819–3828). Seoul: ACM.
  • Kourtesopoulou, A. & Chatzigianni, E. (2021). Gender Equality and Women's Entrepreneurial Leadership in Tourism: A Systematic Review. Gender and Tourism.
  • Kraus, S., Harms, R., & Fink, M. (2010). Entrepreneurial marketing: moving beyond marketing in new ventures. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(1), 19-19.
  • Kyrousi, A. G., Panigyrakis, G. G., & Panopoulos, A. P. (2016). Attitudes toward ads portraying women in decorative roles and female competition: An evolutionary psychology perspective. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 771–798.
  • Kumar, A. & Taunk, A. (2013). Women in the field of advertising and their liking by the consumers in different role portrayals: A case study of Uttar Pradesh, India. Unique Journal ofBusiness Management Research, 1(1), 1–7.
  • Kuratko, D. F. (2007). Entrepreneurial leadership in the 21st century. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 13(4), 1-11.
  • Kuratko, D. F., & Hodgetts, R. M. (2007). Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, practice (7th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson/South Western Publishing.
  • Lawton, E. (2009). Gender advertisements: replication of a classic work examining women, magazines, and facebook photographs. Retrieved on January 30, 2021: Honirs Thesis; Bryant University: Rhode Island.
  • Lindner, K. (2004). Images of women in general inter- est and fashion magazine advertisementsfrom 1955 to 2002. Sex Roles, 51, 409–421.
  • Massey, D. S. (2007). Categorically unequal: The American stratification system. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation
  • Michaelidou, N., Siamagka, N. T., Hatzithomas, L., & Chaput, L. (2022). Femvertising practices on social media: a comparison of luxury and non-luxury brands. Journal of Product & Brand Management, (ahead-of-print).
  • Miller, A. (2018). Yoga R/Evolution: Deconstructing the" Authentic" Yoga Body. University ofCalifornia, Davis.
  • Morrison, A. (2006). A contextualisation of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 12(4), 192–209. National Geographic (n.d.). United States Regions. Retrieved on July 25, 2022 from: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/united-states-regions
  • Kawira, K. D. (2021). The Effect of Product and Service Innovation on the Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Kenya. Journal of Marketing and Communication, 4(1), 1-13. Morgan, N., & Pritchard, A. (2018). Gender, advertising and ethics: Marketing Cuba. Tourism Planning & Development, 15(3), 329-346. Nguyen, C. P. (2021). Gender equality and economic complexity. Economic Systems, 45(4), 100921. Pan, S., & Ryan, C. (2007). Gender, framing and travel-ogues. Journal of Travel Research, 45,464–474.
  • Prieler, M., Ivanov, A., & Hagiwara, S. (2015). Gender representations in East Asian advertising: Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea. Communication & Society, 28(1), 27–41.
  • Pollay, R. (1986). The Distorted Mirror: Reflections in the Unintended Consequences ofAdvertising. Journal of Marketing, 50: 18-19.
  • Pritchard, A. (2018). Predicting the next decade of tourism gender research. Tourismmanagement perspectives, 25, 144-146.
  • Pritchard, A. & Morgan, N. (2000). Privileging the male gaze. Annals of Tourism Research,27(4), 884– 905.
  • Ramkissoon, H. (2021). Pro-sociality in times of separation and loss. Current Opinion in Psychology. Rice, T. W., & Coates, D. L. (1995). Gender role attitudes in the southern United States. Gender & Society, 9(6), 744-756.
  • Robinson, R. N., & Beesley, L. G. (2010). Linkages between creativity and intention to quit: An occupational study of chefs. Tourism Management, 31(6), 765-776.
  • Sadiku-Dushi, N., Dana, L. & Ramadani, V. (2019). Entrepreneurial marketing dimensions and SMEs performance. Journal of Business Research, 100(7), 86-99.
  • Sandybayev, A. (2015). Generating factors for female managers in the tourism sector of northern Cyprus. International Journal of Research in Tourism and Hospitality, 1(1), 23–28.
  • Sargent, K. (2017). Fat Shaming: Bias and Hiring in the Yoga and Fitness Industry? Negotiation, Conflict Resolution, & Peacebuilding, February 15. Carson, CA: CaliforniaState University
  • Scott, J. (1986). A useful category of historical analysis. The American Historical Review, 91(5),1053– 1075.
  • Sirakaya, E. & Sonmez, S. (2000). Gender images in state tourism brochures: An overlooked area in socially responsible tourism marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 353–362.
  • Tortajada, I., Arauna, N. & Martinez, I. (2013). Advertising stereotypes and gender representation in social networking sites. Scientific Journal of Media Education, 41(21), 177–186.
  • Vieru, M. (2015). Do tourism firms with female CEOs hold higher levels of cash? Finnish Journal of Tourism Research, 11(2), 24–44.
  • Walters, T. (2016). Using thematic analysis in tourism research. Tourism Analysis, 21(1), 107-116. Wang, C., Li, G., & Xu, H. (2019). Impact of lifestyle-oriented motivation on small tourism enterprises’ social responsibility and performance. Journal of Travel Research, 58(7), 1146–1160.
  • Wang, S., Hung, K., & Huang, W. (2019). Motivations for entrepreneurship in the tourism and hospitality sector: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 78–88.
  • Westwood, S., Pritchard, A. & Morgan, N. (2000). Gender-blind marketing: businesswomen'sperceptions of airline services. Tourism Management, 21(4), 353-362.
  • Williamson, J. (1978). Decoding Advertisements. London: Marion Boyars.Yoga in America Study. 2016. “Yoga in America Study Executive Summary: Conducted byYoga Journal & Yoga Alliance.” Yoga Alliance, January 13. Retrieved November 27, 2018 (https://www.yogaalliance.org/2016yogainamericastudy).
  • Zalis, S. (2019). The future of masculinity: Overcoming stereotypes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ shelleyzalis/2019/01/22/the-future-of-masculinity-overcoming-stereotypes/#a5be96b1af34
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deepak Chhabra Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4565-0325

Carly Dewland Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Chhabra, D., & Dewland, C. (2022). FEMVERTISING PRACTICES IN WELLNESS TOURISM: CASE OF RETREAT CENTERS IN THE UNITED STATES. International Journal of Health Management and Tourism, 7(3), 265-287.