Deadweight Loss in the Interest-based and the Interest-Free (Islamic) Microfinance Programs: A Comparative Analysis

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 49 - 71, 31.07.2019

Basharat Hossain

https://doi.org/10.25272/ijisef.509230

Öz

This paper
illustrates the deadweight loss in the Interest-based Microfinance
program compared to the
interest-free or Islamic Microfinance regarding ‘consumer’ surplus, producer’ surplus, loan price and
the quantity demanded of Microfinance loan’ . It has been
prepared based on the secondary data on the twenty Micro finance institutions
of the Nine countries of the world and world micro finance data. This paper
employs the numerical example and graphical presentation to measure the dead
weight loss. This
paper finds that, consumer’
surplus is at least 3 times lower in the conventional
Microfinance program; producer’
surplus is higher in the Islamic Microfinance than the conventional
Microfinance. The loan price is at least 142%-241% higher
in conventional Microfinance than the Islamic Microfinance. Besides,
the quantity demanded of Microfinance loan is higher in the Islamic
Microfinance than the conventional Microfinance.

Key Words: Deadweight
Loss, Interest-based Microfinance, Interest-free Microfinance, Islamic
Microfinance, Consumer and Producer Surplus, Loan price

KAUJIE Code: H15,
J31                              

JEL Code: G21,
I31, Z12

Anahtar Kelimeler

Deadweight Loss, Interest-based Microfinance, Interest-free Microfinance, Islamic Microfinance, Consumer and Producer Surplus

Kaynakça

• Abdullah, M. F., Amin, M.R., Ab Rahman, A. (2017), Is there any difference between Islamic and conventional Microfinance? Evidence from Bangladesh, International Journal of Business and Society, 18 (1): 97-112
• Ahmed, Habib (2002)., Financing microenterprises: an analytical study of Islamic microfinance institutions, Islamic Economic Studies, 9(2), 27-63
• Akhter, Dr.Waheed., Akhtar, Dr. Nadeem.,and Ali Jaffri, Syed Khurram.,(2009), Islamic microfinance and poverty alleviation: A case of Pakistan , Proceedings 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan,1-8
• Akhuwat (2018), loan products offered, retrieved 18 December, 2018 from: https://www.akhuwat.org.pk/loan-products/
• Al-arafah (2018), Microfinance, retrieved from https://al-arafahbank.com/Micro-Finance.php
• Al-Falah (2018), Al-Falah Aam Unnayan Sangstha (AFAUS) সম্পর্কে , retrieved from http://www.dinajpurngos.com/ngos/index/alfalah_
• Alamgir, H. Dewan A., Hassan, M. K. & Dewan, H. H. (2011, December), A Comparative Review of Islamic Versus Conventional Microfinance In Bangladesh, paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, organized by the Center for Islamic Economics and Finance, Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies, Qatar Foundation. Doha: Qatar
• ASA (2018), Loan Products, retrieved from: http://www.asa.org.bd/loan-products/
• Ashraf,Ali; Hassan, M.Kabir and Hippler III, William.J (2014), "Performance of microfinance nstitutions in Muslim countries, Humanomics, 30(2), 162-182
• Badruddoza, S (2011, October), “Microfinance in Bangladesh: Red and Green Lights”, paper presented at the Department of International Relations, University of Dhaka, Dhaka. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/badruddoza/Microfinance-in-bangladeshred-and-green-lights
• Ben Abdelkader, I. & Ben Salem, A. (2013), Islamic vs. Conventional Microfinance Institutions: Performance analysis in MENA countries, International Journal of Business and Social Research (IJBSR), 3 (5): 219-233
• Bishop, M. (2004), Essential Economics, London: the Economist and Profile Books Ltd
• Black, J. (1997), A dictionary of economics, UK: Oxford University Press
• BRAC (2018), Microfinance; retrieved 27 December 2018, from: http://www.brac.net/program/microfinance/
• Bui, N. (2013), "Different Uses of Microfinance among Conventional and Islamic Borrowers: Evidence from Jordan". Master's Theses. Retrieved from https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/64
• Buro (2018), Microfinance loan product, retrieved from: http://burobd.org/remittanceprogram.php?id=11
• Card Bank (2017), Annual Report 2017, Interest rate, pp.73, retrieved 19 December 2018, from: https://cardbankph.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Annual-Report-2017-CARDBank-Inc..pdf
• Ebdaa bank (2018); Our financial products; retrieved 28 December 2018; http://ebdaabanksd.net/en/services.php
• Economics times (2018), Definition of Deadweight Loss, retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/deadweight-loss
• El-Komi, Mohamed (2013), Experiments in Islamic microfinance, Journal of economic Behavior & Organization, 95, 252-269
• Enterprise 54 (2014), How to Access Loans without Collateral, retrieved 11 December, from: http://enterprise54.com/how-to-access-loans-without-collateral/
• Exim bank (2018), Agricultural & Rural investment, retrieved from http://www.eximbankbd.com/agri/agri_banking
• FINCA (2018), Microfinance; retrieved 27 December 2018, from: https://finca.org/ourwork/microfinance/
• GIFR (2017), Global Islamic Finance Report (GIFR 2017), retrieved from http://www.gifr.net/publications/gifr2017/intro.pdf
• Giadorou Koch, L. (2015), Interest Rate Debate in Microfinance: Reflections on regulated caps, retrieved from:http://www.mftransparency.org/interest-rate-debate-in-microfinancereflections-on-regulated-caps/
• Gonzalez, Adrian (2008), How Many MFIs and Borrowers Exist? Updated Dec, 2008, retrieved 23 October, 2018 from: https://www.themix.org/sites/default/files/publications/How%20Many%20Borrowers%20and%20MFIs%20Exist%2012-31-2008_0.zip
• Grameen (2018a), what is Microcredit, retrieved 12 December 2018, from: http://www.grameen.com/what-is-microcredit/
• Grameen (2018), Credit Lending Models; retrieved 12 December 2018, from: http://www.grameen.com/credit-lending-models/
• Grameen koota (2018), Products and Services, retrieved 19 December 2018, from: https://www.grameenkoota.org/index.php/products-and-services/financialproducts/group-lending/income-generation-loans/
• Haneef, M.A; Muhammad, A.D.;Pramanik,A.H and Mohammed .M.O. (2014), Integrated Waqf Based Islamic Microfinance Model (IWIMM) for Poverty alleviation in OIC Member Countries, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 19 (2): 286-298
• Hossain, Basharat (2019), Islamic Microfinance and Rehabilitation Model for the Slum and Floating Population by Waqf Funds, the Case of Bangladesh: A Proposal for Muslim Countries, JKAU: Islamic Econ., 32 (2),139-160, DOI:10.4197/Islec. 32-2.11
• IBBL (2018), RDS spotlights, retrieved on February 9, 2018 from http://www.islamibankbd.com/rds/
• Inm (2016), Interest Rates in Bangladesh Microcredit Market, Policy brief by Institute of Microfinance (Inm). Retrieved from: http://inm.org.bd/wpcontent/uploads/2016/01/Interest-Rate.pdf
• Islami bank, (2018), Investment Modes, retrieved 15 December 2018, from: https://www.islamibankbd.com/rds/modes_of_investment.php
• Islami bank, (2018), Investment Modes, retrieved 15 December 2018, from: https://www.qmb.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=2&sub=0&tempname=ENShow&PageID=1275&isPopUp=False
• Islamic Relief (2018); Livelihood and community development; retrieved 28 December 2018; from: http://www.islamic-relief.org.bd/programmes/livelihood/
• Islamic Relief (2018a); Islamic Microfinance; retrieved 28 December 2018; from: https://islamicrelief.org.pk/what-we-do/islamic-microfinance/
• Ismail, Verni Yuliaty. Zain, Efendy and Zulihar, Zulihar (2015), the Optimization of Human Resource's Performance in Islamic Microfinance Institutions through Job Analysis and Competency Model, Asian Journal of Technology Management , 8 (1); 56-67
• Iqbal, Z. & Mirakhor, A. (2014), Economic Development and Islamic Finance, Islamic Economic Studies, 22 (1):213-215
• ISRA, (2012), Islamic Financial System: Principles & Operations, International Shari'ah Research Academy for Islamic Finance (ISRA), Edited by Asyraf Wajdi Dato' Dusuki, chapter-12, Section 2: Operational Framework of Takaful,pp.13-29, Malaysia: ISRA retrieved from: http://irep.iium.edu.my/14472/1/Chp_12.pdf
• Khan, Muhammad Akram (1990), Islamic Economics and Finance: A Glossary, 2nd edition, 26, 41, 49, 61,151, New York: Routledge
• Laxman Karve, Shrikrishna (2009), Principles of Life Insurance, chapter-4, Life insurance policies, pp, 57-88 Mumbai: Himala va publishing house pvt. Ltd.
• Lead foundation (2016), 2016 Audited Financial Report, Lending revenue, pp.7, retrieved 19 December 2018, from: https://lead.org.eg/application/files/2614/9499/7688/2016report.PDF
• Ledgerwood, J. (2000), Microfinance handbook: an institutional and financial perspective, Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
• Mahmood, Hafiz Zahid; Khan, Roheel; Mehmood, Bilal and Khan, Muhammad (2014), Efficiency Analysis of Conventional vs. Islamic Microfinance: An Appraisal for Sustainability in Pakistan, International Journal of Empirical Finance, 3 (4 ),192-201
• Mannan, A.M. (2015), Islamic Microfinance: Bangladesh Experience, retrieved from www.irti.org/English/.../Islamic%20Microfinance-Bangladesh%20Experience.pdf
• Mankiw, N.G (2014), Principles of Microeconomics, London: South-Western College Pub
• Masyita, Dian and Ahmed, Habib (2011), Why is Growth of Islamic Microfinance Lower than Conventional? A Comparative Study of the Preferences and Perceptions of the Clients of Islamic and Conventional Microfinance Institutions’ in Indonesia, Conference paper, 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance: 19-21 December 2011, Qatar: Doha, retrieved 17 July 2019 from: http://www.iefpedia.com/english/wpcontent/uploads/2011/12/Dian-Masyita.pdf
• MBK (2018), Products, retrieved 19 December 2018, from: https://www.mbkventura.com/products.php
• MRA (2018), List of Licensed MFIs as of May 27, 2018, Microfinance Regulatory Authority, Dhaka Bangladesh, Retrieved from: http://www.mra.gov.bd/images/Licensed_NGO_MFIs/lic27052018en.pdf
• Mughal, Muhammad Zubair (2017), Islamic Agri & Rural Finance, retrieved 2 November 2018 from: Islamic Agri. Finance 7th gimf.pptx
• Muslim Aid (2018), economic empowerment, retrieved from https://www.muslimaid.org/what-we-do/economic-empowerment/
• Norma, Bt Md Saad, (2012), Microfinance and Prospect for Islamic Microfinance Products: The Case of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia Advances in Asian Social Science, 1(1), 27-33
• Obaidullah, Mohammed (2008), Introduction to Islamic Microfinance, IBF Net (P) Limited, India: New Delhi.
• Obaidullah, Mohammed., and Khan, Tariqullah (2008) , Islamic microfinance development challenges and initiatives , Policy Dialogue Paper No. 2 , Islamic Development Bank, 2008, Soudi Arabia: Jeddah
• Qarz Al-Hasaneh Mehr Iran Bank, (2017), Gharz Al-Hasanah loan, retrieved 15 December 2018, from: https://www.islamibankbd.com/rds/saving_plan.php QMB (2018), Gharz Al-Hasanah loan, retrieved 18 December, 2018 from: https://www.qmb.ir/Index.aspx?page_=form&lang=2&sub=0&tempname=ENShow&PageID=1237&isPopUp=False
• Rahman, Abdul Rahim Abdul (2010), Islamic microfinance: an ethical alternative to poverty alleviation, Humanomics, 26(4), 284-295
• Rahman, Abdul Rahim ABDUL. (2007)., Islamic Microfinance: A Missing Component in Islamic Banking, Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies, 1(2) : 38-53
• Rashad, D. S. (2014), New trends in global Islamic Microfinance, retrieved from www.kantakji.com/strategic.../new-trends-in-global-islamic-Microfinance.aspx?...true
• Rejda, George E. and McNamara, Michael (2013), Principles of Risk Management and Insurance, chapter-6, Insurance and company operation, pp, 103-122 New York: Pearson
• Riwajanti, Nur Indah (2013), Islamic Microfinance as an Alternative for Poverty Alleviation: A Survey, Afro Eurasian Studies, 2 (1-2): 254-271
• Rosenberg, R. Gaul, S.Ford,W.& Tomilova,O (2013), Microcredit Interest rate and their determinants (2004-2011), Washington D.C.: CGAP,MIX,KFW. Retrieved from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/125451468337250939/pdf/819920WP0CGAP00Box0379855B00PUBLIC0.pdf
• Sadegh, B. (2009), ‘Islamic Microfinance, Providing Credit to the Poor: A Case Study of Iran’, International Economics Studies, 34(1):99-107
• Saaid Ali, Abd Elrahman Elzahi (2015), Islamic microfinance: moving beyond financial inclusion, European Scientific Journal, 11 (10): 1857 – 7881
• Samuelson, P.A. & Nordhaus, W.D. (2010), Economics, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,
• Samuelson, W. F. & Stephen G. M. (2011), Managerial economics, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA
• Seibel, Hans Dieter (2008), Islamic Microfinance in Indonesia: The Challenge of Institutional Diversity, Regulation, and Supervision, Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 23(1): 86- 103
• Shakti (2018), microloan, retrieved from: http://www.sfdw.org/microfinance/
• SSNF (2018), Social Safety Net Foundation, retrieved from https://web.facebook.com/pg/bdssnf/about/?ref=page_internal
• The Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (CGAP) (2017), ‘Islamic Microfinance: An Emerging Market Niche’, retrieved from 470010ENGLISH01PUBLIC10FocusNote149.pdf
• The daily Star (2015), SIBL cares about social causes, retrieved from http://www.thedailystar.net/business/sibl-cares-about-social-causes-785437
• The daily star (2017), Islamic Microfinance to deepen financial inclusion, retrieved from http://www.thedailystar.net/business/islamic-Microfinance-deepen-financial-inclusion-1359862
• TMSS (2018), TMSS Islamic Microfinance (TIMF), Retrieved from http://tmss-bd.org/tmssislamic-Microfinance-timf
• Ubaidullah, Mohammed (2007), Role of Microfinance in Poverty Alleviation: Lessons from Experiences in Selected IDB Member Countries, Jeddah: Islamic Research & Training Institute
• United Nations Development Programme (2010), scaling up Islamic Microfinance in Bangladesh through the Private Sector: Experience of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL), retrieved from http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Participatory%20Local%20Development/Bangladesh_D10_web.pdf
• Vitas Lebanon (2018); Loans; retrieved 28 December 2018; http://www.vitaslebanon.com/loans/personal-loans
• Wajdi Dusuki, Dr. Asyraf (2007)., Banking for the Poor: The Role of Islamic Banking in Microfinance Initiatives, Proceedings of the 2nd Islamic Conference 2007 (iECONS2007) organized by Faculty of Economics and Muamalat , Islamic Science University of Malaysia.
• Wasil foundation (2018), Publication, retrieved 19 December 2018, from: http://www.wasil.org.pk/Knowledge-Center/Poverty-to-Profit-Islamic-Microfinance.pdf
• Webster, T.J. (2003), Managerial Economics: Theory and Practice, New York: Academic Press
• Widiarto, Indra and Emrouznejad, Ali (2015), Social and financial efficiency of Islamic microfinance institutions: A Data Envelopment Analysis application, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 50, 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2014.12.001
• Wilson, Rodney (2007)., Making development assistance sustainable through Islamic microfinance, IUM Journal of Economics and Management,15(2): 197-217
• Yunus, M (2018), Grameen bank at a glance, retrieved from: http://muhammadyunus.org/index.php/design-lab/previous-design-labs/37-about/about/371-grameen-bank-at-a-glance