Ayçiçeği Gövde Çürüklüğüne Karşı Bazı Trichoderma Türlerinin Etkinliği

Öz

Ayçiçeğinin en önemli hastalıkları arasında gövde çürüklüğü yer almaktadır. Bitki hastalıklarına karşı en yaygın kullanılan yöntem fungisit kullanımı olmasına rağmen, pestisitlerin insan sağlığı ve çevre üzerindeki olumsuz yan etkileri nedeniyle biyolojik mücadele önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada; Trichoderma atroviride, T. hamatum, T. harzianum ve T. longibrachiatum'un ayçiçeğinde gövde çürüklüğüne neden olan Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor ve Macrophomina phaseolina'ya karşı in vitro ve in vivo etkinliği araştırılmıştır. İkili kültür testlerinde, T. atroviride ve T. hamatum'un patojenlerin miselyal gelişimi üzerinde daha yüksek engelleyici etkileri olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak in vivo çalışmalar, en düşük hastalık şiddeti oranlarının T. harzianum ve T. longibrachiatum tarafından M. phaseolina'ya, T. hamatum ve T. longibrachiatum tarafından S. minor'a karşı elde edildiğini, S. sclerotiorum'un ise T. harzianum tarafından daha etkili bir şekilde baskılandığını göstermiştir. Trichoderma uygulamalarının tamamı ayçiçeği bitkilerinin bazı büyüme parametrelerinde kontrol gruplarıyla karşılaştırıldığında artışa neden olmuştur. Benzer şekilde tüm uygulamalar bitkilerin toplam fenolik içeriklerinde kontrol gruplarıyla karşılaştırıldığında artışa sebep olmuştur. En yüksek toplam fenolik miktarları tüm uygulamalarda aşılamadan 48 saat sonra yapılan tahminlerde bulunmuştur. Antagonistik etkilerinin düzeyi patojenlere ve test koşullarına bağlı olarak değişse de, tüm Trichoderma türleri gövde çürüklüğü patojenlerini baskılamıştır. Trichoderma türleri ayrıca ayçiçeği bitkilerinin patojenlere karşı direnç mekanizmalarını harekete geçirmiş ve bitki büyümesini teşvik etmiştir. Sonuçların tarla denemeleriyle doğrulanmasının ardından ayçiçeği gövde çürüklüğü patojenlerine karşı çevre dostu alternatif kontrol ajanları olarak kullanılabilirler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Helianthus anuus
• Macrophomina phaseolina
• Sclerotinia minor
• Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
• Trichoderma spp.
• Biyolojik mücadele

Efficiency of Some Trichoderma Species against Stem Rot of Sunflower

Öz

Stem rot is among the most important diseases of sunflower. Although fungicide usage is the most common method against plant diseases, biological control gained importance, because of the negative side effect of pesticides against human health and environment. In this study; in vitro and in vivo efficiency of Trichoderma atroviride, T. hamatum, T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor and Macrophomina phaseolina causing stem rot on sunflower, was investigated. In the dual culture tests, T. atroviride and T. hamatum had higher inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of the pathogens. However, in vivo studies showed that the lowest disease severity rates were obtained by T. harzianum and T. longibrachiatum against M. phaseolina and by T. hamatum and T. longibrachiatum against S. minor, while S. sclerotiorum was more efficiently suppressed by T. harzianum. All Trichoderma applications caused increase on some of the growth parameters of sunflower plants, when compared to controls. Similarly, all applications caused increase in total phenolic contents of the plants when compared to control groups. The highest total phenolic amounts were found at the estimations made 48 h after inoculations, in all applications. Although the level of their antagonistic effects changed depending on the pathogens and experimental conditions, all Trichoderma species suppressed stem rot pathogens. Trichoderma species also activate resistance mechanisms of sunflower plants to pathogens and induced plant growth. After the confirmation of the results by field trials, they can be used as environmental friendly alternative control agents against sunflower stem rot pathogens.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Helianthus anuus
• Macrophomina phaseolina
• Sclerotinia minor
• Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
• Trichoderma spp.
• Biocontrol

Kaynakça

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