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LANGUAGE AND VIOLENCE IN EDWARD ALBEE’S 'THE AMERICAN DREAM'

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 79 - 98, 01.06.2021

Öz

Family dysfunction has been a recurrent dramatic theme which has attracted a great deal of attention in both the modern and the postmodern era. In an unfortunate sort of way, most of the families in the 20th century plays are unable to function the way they are supposed to. The family members to whom the audience is introduced lack the ability to attain peace and harmony; they are entangled in a seemingly endless struggle for power and control; and, at times, it gets closer to a Machiavellian world where one pitilessly deceives the other, following a series of dishonest strategies and tactics. Alps on alps arise when one can find no single character who might be referred to as an ‘ideal person’, as ‘an example of who and what individuals should all aspire to be’. Being in the presence of the others, being with the other human beings, which is the actual basis of social life, is what becomes problematic as an existentiale. Hell is nothing, but being with the other or the others, in Jean Paul Sartre’s terms. The apparently stuck characters, who struggle to acquire an identity by avoiding victimization and nothingness, are not able to move forward in the existential hell of self-conscious paralysis. Moreover, due to the disappearance of individualism in a mechanized and standardized society, individuals tend to show extreme kind of behaviours. The old and honest American Dream is replaced by a new society concerned with consumerism; and, as a matter of fact, ‘language and violence’ comes to the forefront as an important point worthy of attention. The issue of verbal violence, which revolves around statements with negative connotations, brings with itself domestic problems waiting to be solved. The actions, reactions and interactions, which stand in stark contrast to the socially acceptable norms and values, are important, as they constitute the material to dig and delve deep into the deeds done for dominance, and as they are rich enough materials to bring out the diversions from the ideal family picture. This study focuses on one of Edward Albee’s most famous works, 'The American Dream', examines the family, the paradoxical union, as portrayed in a modern wasteland, and explains the forms and consequences of violence, most specifically the verbal violence.

Kaynakça

  • Albee, E. (2006). Stretching My Mind. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, An Imprint of Avalon Publishing Group Inc.
  • Albee, E. (2007). The American Dream. In The Collected Plays of Edward Albee (Vol. 1, pp. 95-148). New York and London: Overlook Duckworth.
  • Berkowitz, G. M. (1992). American Drama of the Twentieth Century. New York: Longman Publishing.
  • Bigsby, C. W. E. (2000). Edward Albee: Journey to Apocalypse. In Modern American Drama: 1945-2000 (pp. 124-153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Canaday, N. (Winter, 1966). Albee's 'The American Dream' and the Existential Vacuum. The South Central Bulletin, Studies by Members of SCMLA, 26 (4): 28-34. The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of The South Central Modern Language Association. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3187819
  • Cohn, R. (1969). Edward Albee. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Debusscher, G. (1967). Edward Albee: Tradition and Renewal. (A. D. Williams, Trans.) Brussels: American Studies Center.
  • Esslin, M. (1988). The Field of Drama: How the Signs of Drama Create Meaning on Stage and Screen. London: Methuen Publishing Limited.
  • Esslin, M. (2004). The Theatre of the Absurd (3rd ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
  • Freud, S. (1963). The Unconscious. In P. Rieff (Ed.), General Psychological Theory (C. M. Baines, Trans., pp. 116-150). New York: Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Innes, C. (2005). Avant Garde Theatre: 1892-1992. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Oberg, A. K. (Summer, 1966). Edward Albee: His Language and Imagination. Prairie Schooner, 40 (2): 139-146. University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40629152
  • Paolucci, A. (1972). The Existential Burden: 'The Death of Bessie Smith', 'The Sandbox', 'The American Dream', 'The Zoo Story'. In From Tension to Tonic: The Plays of Edward Albee (pp. 15-44). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Sartre, J. P. (n.d.). No Exit. Retrieved January 5, 2020, from https://archive.org/details/NoExit
  • Shiach, D. (2007). American Drama: 1900-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Styan, J. L. (1996). Modern Drama in Theory and Practice (Vols. 2: Symbolism, Surrealism and the Absurd). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Szondi, P. (1987). Theory of the Modern Drama: A Critical Edition (Vols. Theory and History of Literature, 29). (M. Hays, Ed., & M. Hays, Trans.) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Unwin, S., & Woddis, C. (2001). A Pocket Guide to 20th Century Drama. New York: Faber and Faber Inc.

EDWARD ALBEE'NİN 'THE AMERICAN DREAM' ADLI OYUNUNDA DİL VE ŞİDDET

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 79 - 98, 01.06.2021

Öz

Aile disfonksiyonelliği, hem modern hem de modern-sonrası çağda üzerinde yaygın olarak durulan bir tema olmuştur. 20. yüzyıl oyunlarında öne çıkan ailelerin çoğu, talihsiz bir şekilde, olması gerektiği gibi işleyememektedir. İzleyici karşısındaki aile fertleri, barış ve uyum sağlayabilme konusunda yetkin değillerdir; güç ve kontrolü ele geçirebilmek için, sonu gelmeyen bir savaşa tutulmuşlardır; ve, yaşamakta oldukları dünya, zaman zaman, birinin bir diğerini, birtakım aldatıcı stratejiler ve taktikler kullanarak, acımacızca kandırdığı Makyavelci bir dünyaya doğru yaklaşır. Oyunlarda, ‘ideal bir kişi’, ‘kim ve nasıl bir insan olunulması gerektiğini gösteren bir örnek’ bulunulamadığı hallerde, durum daha da ciddi bir şekil alır. Bir var oluş hali olarak sorun teşkil eden şey, sosyal yaşamın temelini oluşturan, başka bireylerin huzurunda olma, başka insanlarla bir arada olma durumunun kendisinden başka bir şey değildir. Jean Paul Sartre’a göre, cehennem, diğer kişi ya da kişilerle bir arada olma halidir. Esaretten ve hiçlik duygusundan sakınarak, bir kimlik edinme çabasında olan, kilitlenip kaldıkları aşikar olan karakterler, bilinçlerinin adeta felç olduğu varoluşsal cehennemde yol alamamaktadırlar. Ayrıca, makineleştirilmiş ve standardize edilmiş bir toplumda bireyselliğin yerle bir edilmesiyle bağlantılı olarak, insanlar uç noktalarda olan davranışlar sergileme eğilimindedirler. Eski, dürüst Amerikan Rüyası’nın yerini, tüketicilikle meşgul yeni bir toplum almıştır; ve, doğal olarak, ‘dil ve şiddet’ üzerinde durulması gereken bir konu olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Negatif çağrışım yüklü ifadeler etrafında dönüp dolaşan, söz bazlı şiddet konusu, beraberinde çözülmesi gereken ailevi problemler getirmektedir. Baskın karakter olmak için başvurulan davranış modellerini irdeleyebilme, ve ideal aile tablosundan sapmaları ortaya koyabilmeleri açısından yararlı malzemeler sağladıkları için, toplum tarafından kabul gören norm ve değerlere tezat teşkil eden eylemler, tepkiler ve etkileşimler araştırılması gereken bir konudur. Bu çalışma, Edward Albee’nin en ünlü eserlerinden olan 'The American Dream' adlı oyuna odaklanarak, paradoksal bir birlik haline dönüşen aile kurumunu, modern ancak çoraklaşmış ortamında incelemektedir, ve büyük ölçüde, söz bazlı olan şiddetin şekillerini ve sonuçlarını ele almaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Albee, E. (2006). Stretching My Mind. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, An Imprint of Avalon Publishing Group Inc.
  • Albee, E. (2007). The American Dream. In The Collected Plays of Edward Albee (Vol. 1, pp. 95-148). New York and London: Overlook Duckworth.
  • Berkowitz, G. M. (1992). American Drama of the Twentieth Century. New York: Longman Publishing.
  • Bigsby, C. W. E. (2000). Edward Albee: Journey to Apocalypse. In Modern American Drama: 1945-2000 (pp. 124-153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Canaday, N. (Winter, 1966). Albee's 'The American Dream' and the Existential Vacuum. The South Central Bulletin, Studies by Members of SCMLA, 26 (4): 28-34. The Johns Hopkins University Press on behalf of The South Central Modern Language Association. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3187819
  • Cohn, R. (1969). Edward Albee. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Debusscher, G. (1967). Edward Albee: Tradition and Renewal. (A. D. Williams, Trans.) Brussels: American Studies Center.
  • Esslin, M. (1988). The Field of Drama: How the Signs of Drama Create Meaning on Stage and Screen. London: Methuen Publishing Limited.
  • Esslin, M. (2004). The Theatre of the Absurd (3rd ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
  • Freud, S. (1963). The Unconscious. In P. Rieff (Ed.), General Psychological Theory (C. M. Baines, Trans., pp. 116-150). New York: Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Innes, C. (2005). Avant Garde Theatre: 1892-1992. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Oberg, A. K. (Summer, 1966). Edward Albee: His Language and Imagination. Prairie Schooner, 40 (2): 139-146. University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40629152
  • Paolucci, A. (1972). The Existential Burden: 'The Death of Bessie Smith', 'The Sandbox', 'The American Dream', 'The Zoo Story'. In From Tension to Tonic: The Plays of Edward Albee (pp. 15-44). Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press.
  • Sartre, J. P. (n.d.). No Exit. Retrieved January 5, 2020, from https://archive.org/details/NoExit
  • Shiach, D. (2007). American Drama: 1900-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Styan, J. L. (1996). Modern Drama in Theory and Practice (Vols. 2: Symbolism, Surrealism and the Absurd). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
  • Szondi, P. (1987). Theory of the Modern Drama: A Critical Edition (Vols. Theory and History of Literature, 29). (M. Hays, Ed., & M. Hays, Trans.) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Unwin, S., & Woddis, C. (2001). A Pocket Guide to 20th Century Drama. New York: Faber and Faber Inc.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sanat ve Edebiyat
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ayşe Gülsüm Karaalioğlu 0000-0002-2164-0758

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2021
Kabul Tarihi 9 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaalioğlu, A. G. (2021). LANGUAGE AND VIOLENCE IN EDWARD ALBEE’S ’THE AMERICAN DREAM’. International Journal of Media Culture and Literature, 7(1), 79-98.

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