Dijital Restorasyon Üzerine Bir Literatür İncelemesi: HBIM, Yapay Zekâ ve Sanal Gerçeklik ile Tarihi Binaların Korunması

Öz

Bu çalışma, Tarihi Bina Bilgi Modellemesi (HBIM), yapay zekâ (YZ) ve sanal gerçeklik (VR) entegrasyonuna odaklanarak tarihi binaların dijital korunmasına ilişkin kapsamlı bir literatür incelemesi sunmaktadır. Tarihi yapılar; doğal afetler, insan ihmali, savaşlar ve çevresel bozulma gibi etkenler nedeniyle sürekli tehdit altındadır. Geleneksel koruma yaklaşımları değerli olmakla birlikte, zaman verimliliği, maliyet etkinliği ve erişilebilirlik açısından çoğu zaman yetersiz kalmaktadır. Özellikle HBIM’in dahil olduğu dijital araçların entegrasyonu, doğru belgeleme, çevresel etkinin simülasyonu ve veriye dayalı karar verme süreçlerini mümkün kılarak çok boyutlu bir çözüm sunmaktadır. Akademik makaleler ve vaka çalışmalarının nitel içerik analizi yoluyla, bu araştırma dijital koruma yöntemlerinin mevcut uygulamalarını, avantajlarını ve sınırlılıklarını belirlemektedir. Bulgular, HBIM, YZ ve VR’nin birleşiminin kültürel miras koruma projelerinin sürdürülebilirliğini ve erişilebilirliğini artırdığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• HBIM
• Yapay Zeka
• Sanal Gerçeklik
• Dijital Restorasyon
• 3 Boyutlu Modelleme

A Literature Review on Digital Restoration: Preservation of Historic Buildings with HBIM, Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality

Öz

This study presents a comprehensive literature review on the digital preservation of historic buildings by focusing on the integration of Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM), artificial intelligence (AI), and virtual reality (VR). Historic structures are under continuous threat from natural disasters, human negligence, wars, and environmental decay. Traditional preservation approaches, though valuable, often fall short in terms of time efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility. The integration of digital tools—particularly HBIM—offers a multidimensional solution, enabling accurate documentation, simulation of environmental impact, and data-driven decision-making. Through qualitative content analysis of scholarly articles and case studies, the research identifies current practices, benefits, and limitations of digital preservation methods. Findings suggest that the convergence of HBIM, AI, and VR enhances the sustainability and accessibility of cultural heritage conservation projects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• HBIM
• Artificial Intelligence
• Virtual Reality
• Digital Preservation
• 3D Model.

Kaynakça

1. [1] G. Rocha, L. Mateus, J. Fernández, and V. Ferreira, "A Scan to BIM Methodology Applied to Heritage Buildings," Heritage, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 47–67, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage3010004
2. [2] Historic England, Photogrammetric Applications for Cultural Heritage, Swindon, UK: Historic England, 2017 (forthcoming).
3. [3] AEC (UK), AEC (UK) BIM Technology Protocol: Practical Implementation of BIM for the UK Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry, AEC (UK), 2015. [Online]. Available: https://aecuk.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/aecukbimtechnologyprotocol-v2-1-1-201506022.pdf
4. [4] S. R. Perry, "Digitization and digital preservation: A review of the literature," School of Information Student Research Journal, vol. 4, no. 1, Art. no. 4, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.31979/2575-2499.040104
5. [5] P. Conway, "Preservation in the age of google: Digitization, digital preservation, and dilemmas," Library Quarterly, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 61–79, 2010. [Online]. Available: http://www.editlib.org/p/106837
6. [6] A. Smith, "Digitization is not preservation – at least not yet," in The Whole Digital Library Handbook (Preservation). [Online]. Available: http://site.ebrary.com.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/lib/sjsu/docDetail.action?docID=10194656
7. [7] P. Galloway, "Digital archiving," in Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 3rd ed., Taylor & Francis, 2009, pp. 1518–1527. doi:10.1081/E-ELIS3-120044332
8. [8] A. Fryskowska and J. Stachelek, "A no-reference method of geometric content quality analysis of 3D models generated from laser scanning point clouds for hBIM," Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 34, pp. 95–108, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.02.021

9. [9] X. Kong and R. G. Hucks, "Preserving our heritage: A photogrammetry-based digital twin framework for monitoring deteriorations of historic structures," Automation in Construction, vol. 152, Art. no. 104928, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.104928
10. [10] I. Younus, W. Al Hinkawi, and S. Lafta, "The role of historic building information modeling in the cultural resistance of liberated city: Khan Hamu Quddo in the old city of Mosul," Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Art. no. 102191, Feb. 2023.
11. [11] H. N. Rafsanjani and A. H. Nabizadeh, "Towards digital architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry through virtual design and construction (VDC) and digital twin," Energy and Built Environment, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 169–178, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbenv.2021.10.004
12. [12] P. Jouan and P. Hallot, "Digital Twin: A HBIM Based Methodology to Support Preventive Conservation of Historic Assets Through Heritage Significance Awareness," Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. XLII-2/W15, pp. 609–615, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W15-609-2019
13. [13] E. S. Malinverni, F. Mariano, F. Di Stefano, L. Petetta, and F. Onori, "Modelling in HBIM to document materials decay by a thematic mapping to manage the cultural heritage: The case of 'Chiesa della Pietà' in Fermo," Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., vol. XLII-2/W11, pp. 777–784, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W11-777-2019
14. [14] M. Murphy, E. McGovern, and S. Pavía, "Historic building information modelling (HBIM)," Structural Survey, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 311–327, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1108/02630800910985108 [15] N. Bruno and R. Roncella, "HBIM for Conservation: A New Proposal for Information Modeling," Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 15, Art. no. 1751, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11151751
15. [16] K. A. Hussein, A. R. Abrahim, A. S. Mohammed, and K. A. Ali, Digital preservation of heritage urban facades: An integrated approach using historic building information modeling and shape grammar analysis, Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, vol. 35, p. e00383, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.daach.2024.e00383