Virtual Labs on Secondary Metabolic Pathways in Plants

Öz

Information and communication technologies have made a big impact on education system and brought a fundamental change in teaching and learning methods. Computer assisted collaborative learning has gained popularity over the years and revolutionized science education. The remote and virtual lab in plant metabolic pathway lab provides an interactive learning based environment to the students for studying the structural and functional complexity of secondary metabolites in plants. This is achieved by a systematic understanding of complex structure and pathway in plants through series of illustrative and interacting learning tools, tutorials and simulated experiments. Further, users can remotely connect to the virtual lab to learn the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation based on analysis of secondary metabolites in plants (with Tea, Maize and Petunia as the plant models). Further we examined the students’ understanding capability towards these labs with questionnaires designed in a hierarchical manner. This is the first systematic development of virtual laboratory on secondary metabolite pathway that encapsulates the importance of remote and virtual labs over the traditional mode of learning and describes its implementation in relation to the flavonoid pathway in plants. 

Kaynakça

1. Bonser, S. P., de Permentier, P., Green, J., Velan, G. M., Adam, P., & Kumar, R. K. (2013). Engaging students by emphasising botanical concepts over techniques: innovative practical exercises using virtual microscopy. Journal of Biological Education, 47 (2), 123–127. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00219266.2013.764344
2. Breakey, K. M., Levin, D., Miller, I., & Hentges, K. E. (2008). The use of scenario-based-learning interactive software to create custom virtual laboratory scenarios for teaching genetics. Genetics, 179 (3), 1151–1155.
3. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18562663
4. Chou, S.W., & Min, H.T. (2009). The impact of media on collaborative learning in virtual settings: the perspective of social construction. Computers & Education, 52 (2), 417–431.
5. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360131508001462/1-s2.0-S0360131508001462- main.pdf?_tid=57 ecabc6-fa21-11e5-b053- 00000aab0f26&acdnat=1459745862_643fe6d38d8ab2f1e0d689013409ae88
6. Corter, J.E., Esche, S.K., Chassapis, C., Ma, J., & Nickerson, J.V. (2011). Process and learning outcomes from remotely operated simulated and hands on student laboratories. Computers & Education, 57, 2054-2067.
7. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S036013151100090X/1-s2.0-S036013151100090X-main.pdf?_tid=f9df1d9c-fa21-11e5-b09a-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1459746133_a96fb19f7adb6d551f04c2fe0c4cda6b
8. Diwakar, S., Parasuram, H., Medini, C., Raman, R., Nedungadi, P., Wiertelak, E., Srivastava, S., Achuthan, K., & Nair, B. (2014). Complementing Neurophysiology Education for Developing Countries via Cost Effective Virtual Labs: Case Studies and Classroom Scenarios. The Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education, 12(2), A130-A139.

9. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24693260
10. Domingues, L., Roch, I., Dourado, F., Alves, M., Ferreira, E.C. (2010). Virtual laboratories in biochemical engineering education. Education for Chemical Engineers, 5: e22-e27.
11. Retrieved from http://www.ece.ichemejournals.com/article/S1749-7728(10)00003-5/pdf
12. Dormido, S., Farias, G., Sanchez, J. & Esquembre, F. (2005). Adding interactivity to existing Simulink models using Easy Java Simulations. In Proceedings of 44th IEEE European Conference on Decision and Control, 4163–4168.
13. Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1582815
14. Duffy, J.L., & Mcdonald, J.B. (2008). Teaching and Learning with technology (3rd edition). Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
15. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/Teaching-Learning-Technology-Enhanced-Loose- Leaf/dp/0133783030
16. Gandole, Y.B. (2005). Changing the Nature of Undergraduate Electronics Science Practical Work. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(4), 1-14.
17. Retrieved from http://itdl.org/journal/apr_05/article02.htm
18. Gould, K.S., & Lister, C. (2006). Flavonoid Functions in Plants. In Andersen, O.M., & Markham, K.R. (Ed.), Flavonoids- Chemistry and Applications (pp. 397-425). CRC Taylor & Francis: Boca Raton.
19. Retrieved from http://blogs.cimav.edu.mx/daniel.glossman/data/files/Libros/Flavonoids%20-%20Chemistry,%20Biochemistry%20and%20Applications.pdf
20. Herga, N.R., Grmek, M.I., Dinevski, D. (2014). Virtual Laboratory as an element of visualization when teaching chemical contents in science class. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 13 (4): 157-165.
21. Retrieved from http://www.tojet.net/articles/v13i4/13418.pdf
22. Huang, C. (2004). Virtual labs: e-learning for tomorrow. PLoS Biology, 2 (6), 0734-0735.s
23. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020157
24. Ma, J., & Nickerson, J.V. (2006). Hands-on simulated and remote laboratories: a comparative literature review. ACM Surveys, 38 (3), 1-24.
25. Retrieved from http://web.stevens.edu/jnickerson/ACMComputingSurveys2006MaNickerson.pdf
26. Muhamada, M., Zaman, H.B. & Ahmad, A. (2012). Virtual Biology Laboratory (Vlab-Bio): Scenario- Based Learning Approach. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 162-168.
27. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1877042812053815/1-s2.0-S1877042812053815-main.pdf?_tid=9924b0ae-fa24-11e5-b3a9-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1459747260_6da8612323a9236956662a291a4ff2d9
28. Nair, B., Krishnan, R., Nizar, N., Radhamani, R., Rajan, K., Yoosef, A., Sujatha, G., Radhamony,V., Achuthan, K., & Diwakar, S. (2012). Role of ICT-enabled visualization-oriented virtual laboratories in Universities for enhancing biotechnology education- – VALUE initiative: Case study and impacts, FormaMente, Vol. VII (2012), n. 1-2, ISSN 1970-7118.
29. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Ramesh/Downloads/Nair2012.pdf
30. Nedic, Z., Machotka, J., & Nafalski, A. (2003). Remote Laboratories versus Virtual and Remote Laboratories. 33rd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, November 5-8, T3E-1- T3E-6.
31. Retrieved from http://www.discoverlab.com/References/1077.pdf
32. Okojie, M.C., Olinzock, A.A., & Boulder, T.C.O. (2006). The pedagogy of technology integration. The Journal of Technology Studies, 32 (2), 66-77.
33. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ847571.pdf
34. Potkonjak, V., Gardner, M., Callaghan, V., Mattila, P., Guetl, C., Vladimir, M., Jovanovic, P.K. (2016). Virtual laboratories for education in science, technology and engineering: A Review. Computers & Education, 95, 309-327.
35. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360131516300227/1-s2.0-S0360131516300227-main.pdf?_tid=7f567724-fa25-11e5-b12e-00000aacb362&acdnat=1459747646_a662e807173bafb9bec20a4d47fa3a94
36. Ray, S., Koshy, N.R., Reddy, P.J., & Srivastava, S. (2012). Virtual labs in proteomics: new E- learning tools. Journal of Proteomics, 75, 2515-2525.
37. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1874391912001479/1-s2.0-S1874391912001479-main.pdf?_tid=b1d53f6e-fa25-11e5-a0ca-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1459747730_f73c63d819cb6af3b2e9b4c1fec644eb
38. Scheckler, R.K. (2003). Virtual Labs, A substitute for traditional labs? International Journal of Developmental Biology, 47, (2/3), 231-236.
39. Retrieved from http://www.intjdevbiol.com/paper.php?doi=12705675
40. Soni, S., & Katkar, M.D. (2014). Survey paper on Virtual Labs for E-learners. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management, 3(1), 108-110.
41. Retrieved from http://www.ijaiem.org/volume3issue1/IJAIEM-2014-01-13-027.pdf
42. Waller, J.C., & Foster, N. (2000). Training via the web: a virtual instrument. Computers & Education, 35, 161-167.
43. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0360131500000233/1-s2.0-S0360131500000233-main.pdf?_tid=8357e0be-fa26-11e5-b33b-00000aab0f27&acdnat=1459748090_a0f374b2674b5b68532942256cbbd485
44. Weisman, D. (2010). Incorporating a Collaborative Web-Based Virtual Laboratory in an Undergraduate Bioinformatics Course. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 38 (1), 4–9.
45. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bmb.20368/abstract;jsessionid=0CA67499E6AFAB3656D19C18C4F07C43.f01t04
46. Wen, F. (2012). Open Web-Based Virtual Lab for Experimental Enhanced Educational Environment, eLearning - Theories, Design, Software and Applications, Dr. Patrizia Ghislandi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0475-9, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/29963.
47. Retrieved from http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/34907.pdf
48. Woodfield, B. F., Andrus, M. B., Andersen, T., Miller, J., Simmons, B., Stanger, R., Waddoups, G.L., Moore, M.S., Swan, R., Allen, R., & Bodily, G. (2005). The Virtual Chem lab project: A realistic and sophisticated simulation of organic synthesis and organic qualitative analysis. Journal of Chemical Education, 82 (11), 1728–1735.
49. Retrieved from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed082p1728