The history of educational laws, regulations, and curricula for the formal study in the city of Erbil, 1961-1968

Abstract

This study finds that the Iraqi government has worked to raise the level of education in Iraq in general, but in the Kurdish areas, this process was impacted strongly by political dynamics — due to political problems, Kurdish language studies in Kurdish schools (like those of Erbil) were neglected by the Iraqi government. Archives and other documentation make this fact clear, as training for teachers in this area was conducted for various different specializations except the Kurdish language, and those already teaching this subject became totally neglected by the educational and administrative policies of the Iraqi government. Aside from that, during the period covered by this research, state regulations and procedures paid proper attention to students and seem to have raised the level of their knowledge. Many regulations and special directives have also been developed to deal with this Kurdish language issue. Additionally, during the studied period, many school textbooks were printed for different topics and specialization in order to be distributed among students in the schools for different levels.

Keywords

• Educational System
• Educational Curricula
• Formal Study
• Erbil
• Kurdish Schools
• Kurdish Language

The history of educational laws, regulations, and curricula for the formal study in the city of Erbil, 1961-1968

Öz

This study finds that the Iraqi government has worked to raise the level of education in Iraq in general, but in the Kurdish areas, this process was impacted strongly by political dynamics — due to political problems, Kurdish language studies in Kurdish schools (like those of Erbil) were neglected by the Iraqi government. Archives and other documentation make this fact clear, as training for teachers in this area was conducted for various different specializations except the Kurdish language, and those already teaching this subject became totally neglected by the educational and administrative policies of the Iraqi government.

Aside from that, during the period covered by this research, state regulations and procedures paid proper attention to students and seem to have raised the level of their knowledge. Many regulations and special directives have also been developed to deal with this Kurdish language issue. Additionally, during the studied period, many school textbooks were printed for different topics and specialization in order to be distributed among students in the schools for different levels.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Educational System
• Educational Curricula
• Formal Study
• Erbil
• Kurdish Schools
• Kurdish Language

Kaynakça

1. Books Al-Jazeeri, Ali, (2017). The Controversy of Kurdish Identity and Distressed Citizenship, Salahuddin University Press, Erbil Iraqi Publicity, Ministry of Education, Guide to the decisions of the Council of Education Group II for women from 1961 to 1964, Prepared by Ibrahim Mahmoud teacher, Press Ministry of Education, Baghdad. Khoshnaw, Shwan Mohammed Amin Taha, (2012). Hawler between the years of 1958 – 1963 – A Study of Political Situation, Rozh Halat Press, Hawler Muhammad Ali Al-Suwairki, (2008). The Kurdish, The Great Encyclopedia of the Famous Kurds in History, Volume 1, The Arab Dar Al-Muswadat, Beirut, Lebanon Nariman, Mustafa, (1988). A 200 years bibliography of Kurdish books, Baghdad Saleh, Hikmat, (1962). A summary of modern history, for students of the third-grade intermediate according to the curriculum of the Ministry of Knowledge Iron, Asaad Press, Baghdad Zubai, Abdul Jalil, (1966). Ghannam, Mohammed Ahmed, the future of high school graduates, Government Press, Baghdad
2. Unpublished documents Directorate of Education of Arbil Brigade، the primary store and the number (1911)، date 1/2/1964. Directorate of Education، Arbil Brigade، ID No. 9930، dated 15/6/1967. Directorate of Education of the brigade of Arbil، self، number (9907)، date 15/6/1967. Directorate of Education of the brigade of Arbil، subjective، number، 11293، date 12/7/1967. Directorate of the brigade of Erbil، self، number، 20424، date 28/10/1967.
3. Published documents Ministry of Education، Directorate of General Technical Affairs، Directorate of Curricula and Books، summer courses for primary school students، book number (31278) of 27/6/1964. Ministry of Education، Directorate of General Technical Affairs، Directorate of Curricula and Books، Instructions for the attendance of primary، middle and secondary schools، book No. (38695) on 22/9/1965. Ministry of Education Directorate of General Technical Affairs Directorate of Curricula and Books Teacher training during service، book No. 37049، on 18/9/1966. Ministry of Education، Directorate of General Technical Affairs، Directorate of Curricula and Books، Instructions on the evening schools and anti-illiteracy classes، book number (1092)، dated 4/2/1967
4. Governmental and Regulatory Publications The committee to study the problems of high school graduates، according to the principles and objectives stated in the book of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 4004 dated 4/4/1964، Directorate of General Education، Ministry of Education Press، Baghdad، 1964. Revolution of July 14 in its fourth-year ، printed Ministry of Guidance، Baghdad، 1962. Revolution of July 14 in its seventh year، House of the Republic for printing and publishing، Press، BS. Publications of the Ministry of Culture and Information، The Republic of Iraq، Studies Series (261)، Dar Al-Rasheed Publishing، Baghdad، 1981. Set instructions for the curriculum and the school and educational methods and school administration، No. (1). The Republic of Iraq، Ministry of Justice، Collection of Laws and Regulations of 1966، Government Press، Baghdad، 1967. The system of the Ministry of Education No. (17) for the year 1967، the date of legislation 17/5/1967. The Iraqi Republic، Ministry of Education، Directorate of Curricula and Books، Elementary School Curriculum 1963، Second Edition، Ministry of Education Press، Baghdad، Iraqi Republic، Ministry of Education، Directorate of General Technical Affairs، Directorate of Curricula and Books، Preparatory Curriculum 1964، Ministry of Education Press، Second Edition، Baghdad، Kurdish Public Organizations، 1953-1991، Preliminary Study، Kurdistan Democratic Party، Political Bureau، Central Studies and Research Office، Study No. 35، Arbil، 1999. Iraqi Republic، Ministry of Education، Educational Statistics، Annual Report، 1961-1962، Al-Ani Press، Baghdad، The Republic of Iraq، Ministry of Education، Educational Statistics، Annual Report، 1965-1966، Government Press، Baghdad، 1969. The Republic of Iraq، Ministry of Education، Educational Statistics، Annual Report 1967-1968، p. B.S.
5. Newspapers Jerida (Iraqi Chronicle), No. (107), 19/9/1964، number (1298), 14/8/1966; number (1435), 10/7/1967
6. Personal Diaries Rawanduzi, Shukria Hamad Amin (Daiki Amez), (2014). Stories of a woman, Binayi press، Hawler Shaaban, Mustafa Hassan, (2006). Diary and some educational memories, ministry of education press, Hhawler
7. Unpublished university thesis Lateef, Yahya Bahri, (2015). Patixwazi in the Kurdish Language from the beginning to 1970, master thesis, University of Soran، Faculty of Arts، Kurdish language department Abdulla, Jamal Jalal, (1980). Some Aspects of Purish among Kurdish speaker, submitted to the department of language University of York، in the partial, full filament of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in language, August
8. Press Interviews Qarani, Ahmed, (2013). Anwar Ali Abdulrazaq, Asoi Parwardayi Magazin, issue 31, May

9. Interviews Interview with (Hama Kareem Hawrami), Hawler, 11.12.2017