Orta Asya'da Budist Manastır Hayatı - Pravāraṇā Kutlaması Üzerine Sanskritçe ve Eski Uygurca Çift Dilli bir Metin

Öz

Brāhmī harfli Sanskritçe ve Eski Uygurca çift dilli metinler, Hint Budist geleneğinin genel olarak Uygurlarda ⸻ fakat özellikle de Yuan Hanedanlığı döneminde (MS 1279–1368) ⸻ nasıl sahiplenildiğinin anlaşılması için gereklidir. Bu yazmaların bazıları, tek dilli Eski Uygurca metinlerde tamamen kayıp olan Vinaya ile ilişkili materyalleri sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, karmavācanā edebiyatına ait olan ve Berlin Turfan Koleksiyonu’nda korunan Uygur harfli çift dilli bir fragmanı (Sanskritçe ve Eski Uygurca) tanıtmakta ve pravāraṇā törenini ele almaktadır. Bu manastır töreni, yağmur mevsiminde (Skt. varṣā) üç ay süren yıllık geri çekilmeden sonra kutlanırdı. Ön sayfadaki Uygurca talimatlar oldukça özgünken, Sanskritçe bölümde, fragman Orta Asya’daki Sanskritçe Karmavācanā edebiyatına bir hayli uyumludur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eski Uygurca
• Sanskritçe
• çift dilli metinler
• Orta Asya’da Budizm
• kutlamalar
• pravāraṇā
• karmavācanā

Buddhist Monastic Life in Central Asia — A Bilingual Text in Sanskrit and Old Uyghur Relating to The Pravāraṇā Ceremony

Öz

Bilingual texts in Old Uyghur and Sanskrit in Brāhmī script are essential for the understanding of how the Indian Buddhist tradition came to be appropriated by the Uyghurs in general, but especially during the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368 CE). Some manuscripts represent Vinaya related materials which are missing altogether in monolingual Old Uyghur texts. The article introduces a bilingual fragment (Sanskrit and Old Uyghur) in Uyghur script housed in the Turfan Collection in Berlin which belongs to the Karmavācanā literature and deals with the pravāraṇā ceremony. This monastic ritual was celebrated after the annual retreat of three months during the rainy season (Skt. varṣā). In the Sanskrit part the fragment corresponds well with the Sanskrit Karmavācanā literature from Central Asia, whereas the Uyghur instructions on the recto are quite unique.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Old Uyghur
• Sanskrit
• bilingual texts
• Central Asian Buddhism
• festivals
• pravāraṇā
• karmavācanā

Kaynakça

1. Broomhead, J. W. 1962: A Textual Edition of the British Hoernle, Stein and Weber Kuchean Manuscripts. With Transliteration, Translation, Grammatical Commentary and Vocabulary. 2 volumes. PhD Diss. Trinity College, Cambridge.
2. Ching Chao-jung 2016: “On the Names of Cereals in Tocharian B”. In: Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 17, 29–64.
3. Chung, Jin-Il (1998): Die Pravāraṇā in den kanonischen Vinaya-Texten der Mūlasarvāstivādin und der Sarvāstivādin. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht (Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden; Beiheft 7).
4. Clarke, Shayne (2015): “Vinaya”. In: Jonathan A. Silk (ed.), Brill’s Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1. Leiden & Boston: Brill, 60–87.
5. Clauson, Sir Gerard (1972): An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6. Couvreur, Walter 1957: Review of Härtel 1956. In: Indo-Iranian Journal 1/4, 315–317.
7. Härtel, Herbert (1956): Karmavācanā: Formulare für den Gebrauch im buddhistischen Gemeindeleben aus ostturkestanischen Sanskrit-Handschriften. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag (Sanskrittexte aus den Turfanfunden III).
8. Hartmann, Jens-Uwe / Klaus Wille / Peter Zieme (1996): “Indrasenas Beichte”. In: Berliner Indologische Studien 9/10, 203–216.

9. Kasai, Yukiyo (2017): Die altuigurischen Fragmente mit Brāhmī-Elementen (unter Mitarbeit von Hirotoshi Ogihara). Turnhout: Brepols (Berliner Turfantexte XXXVIII).
10. Maue, Dieter (1996): Alttürkische Handschriften Teil 1: Dokumente in Brāhmī und tibetischer Schrift. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner (Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland XIII, 9).
11. Maue, Dieter (2009): “Uigurisches in Brāhmī in nicht-uigurischen Brāhmī-Handschriften”. In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 62/1, 1–36.
12. Maue, Dieter (2010): “Uigurisches in Brāhmī in nicht-uigurischen Brāhmī-Handschriften Teil II”. In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 63/3, 319–361.
13. Maue, Dieter (2015): Alttürkische Handschriften Teil 19: Dokumente in Brāhmī und tibetischer Schrift. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner (Verzeichnis der Orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland XIII, 27).
14. Maue, Dieter / Klaus Röhrborn (1976): “Ein zweisprachiges Fragment aus Turfan”. In: Central Asiatic Journal 20, 208–221.
15. Ogihara, Hirotoshi 2011a: “Notes on Some Tocharian Vinaya Fragments in the London and Paris Collections”. In: Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 12, 111–144.
16. Ogihara, Hirotoshi 2011b: “On the Poṣatha Ceremony in the Tocharian Buddhist Texts”. In: The Annual of Research Institute for Buddhist Culture Ryūkoku University 35, 28–22.
17. Ogihara, Hirotoshi (2013): “On the Karmavācanā in Tocharian”. In: Matteo de Chiara / Mauro Maggi / Giuliana Martini (eds.), Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Multilingualism and History of Knowledge 1; Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften philosophisch-historische Klasse 848; Iranische Onomastik 11), 311–331 (Plate II).
18. Pan, Tao (2017): “A Glimpse into the Tocharian Vinaya Texts”. In: Susan Andrews / Jinhua Chen / Cuilan Liu (eds.), Rules of Engagement: Medieval Traditions of Buddhist Monastic Regulation. Bochum & Freiburg: Projekt Verlag (Hamburg Buddhist Studies 9), 67–92.
19. Schmidt, Klaus T. (2018): Nachgelassene Schriften. 1. Ein westtocharisches Ordinationsritual. 2. Eine dritte tocharische Sprache: Lolanisch. Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Stefan Zimmer. Bremen: Hempen (Monographien zur Indischen Archäologie, Kunst und Philologie 24).
20. Shōno, Masanori (2019): “How to Become a Buddhist Monk: A Re-edition of One of the Gilgit Karmavācanā Texts”. In: Bulletin of the International Institute for Buddhist Studies 2, 57–106.
21. Sieg, E[mil] / W[ilhelm] Siegling (1921): Tocharische Sprachreste. I. Band. Die Texte. A. Transcription. Berlin & Leipzig: de Gruyter.
22. Tamai, Tatsushi 2006: “The Tocharian Fragments in Or. 15003 of the Hoernle Collection”. In: Seishi Karashima / Klaus Wille (eds.), Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia: The British Library Sanskrit Fragments. Vol. 1. Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology Soka University, 267–269.
23. Tamai, Tatsushi (2014): “The Tocharian Karmavācanā”. In: Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University XVII, 365–394.
24. Tezcan, Semih (1974): Das uigurische Insadi-Sūtra. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag (Berliner Turfantexte III).
25. Wilkens, Jens (2020): “A Sanskrit Fragment of the Mañjuśrīnāmasaṃgīti in Uyghur Script”. In: International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies 2/1, 27–35.
26. Yoshida, Yutaka 2008: “Die buddhistischen sogdischen Texte in der Berliner Turfansammlung und die Herkunft des buddhistischen sogdischen Wortes für bodhisattva” (trans. Yukiyo Kasai & Christiane Reck). In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 61/3, 325–358.
27. Zieme, Peter (1984): “Indischer Schlangenzauber in uigurischer Überlieferung”. In: Louis Ligeti (ed.), Tibetan and Buddhist Studies Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Alexander Csoma de Kőrös. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 425–440.
28. Zieme, Peter (1988): “Das Pravāraṇā-Sūtra in alttürkischer Überlieferung”. In: Barg-i sabz – A Green Leaf: Papers in Honour of Jes P. Asmussen. Leiden: Brill, 445–453.
29. Zieme, Peter (2019): “A Fragment of an Old Uighur Translation of the Śatapañcāśatka”. In: Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University XXIII, 333–343.