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Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius

Yıl 2022, , 239 - 251, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.29228/ijpbp.6

Öz

The aim of the study is to screen the morphological, anatomical, biological, and chemical profiles of the leave extracts of endemic Polyscias species namely P. dichroostachya (PD), P. gracilis (PG), and P. mauritiana (PM) from Mauritius. The morphology and anatomy of the leaves were studied using a microscope. Phytochemical screening of extracts using LC-MS/MS was carried out by ionization in both positive and negative modes. The leaves are pinnately compound, hypostomatic, dorsiventral, with a prominent mid vein with secretion cavities, and they can be distinguished by their midrib shape and anatomy. From the molecular mass and fragmentation data, 31 terpenoid saponins, 19 flavonoids, 17 acids, 7 terpenes, and 10 miscellaneous compounds including pyrrolidines and acetylenes in different extracts (hexane, ethanol, and aqueous) were identified. Extracts from the three species using DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activities with IC50 values in the range of 2.1-70.8 mg/ml and the ethanolic extract of PD showing the highest activity. Aqueous extracts of PG and PM potently inhibited alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.62 mg/ml. The different leaf extracts exhibited moderate activity against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This is probably the first report on the extensive chemical profiling and morphology of these endemic Polysias spp. from Mauritius and the results indicate that these leaf extracts have beneficial health properties and are thus worth exploiting further.

Teşekkür

One of the authors expresses her gratitude to Ms. Ryta Anath-Jugessur and Ms. Yousrina Bholah for the technical support. The authors are grateful to Mr. Pynee Kersley, Ministry of Agro-Industry and Food Security for the collection of the leaf samples.

Kaynakça

  • Ashmawya, N.S., Gad, H.A., Al-Musayeib, N., El-Ahmady, S.H., Ashour, M.L., Singab, A.N. B., 2019. Phytoconstituents from Polyscias guilfoylei leaves with histamine-release inhibition activity. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 74(5-6), 145-150.
  • Ashmawya, N.S., Gad, H.A., Ashour, M.L., El-Ahmady, S.H., Singab, A.N.B., 2020. The genus Polyscias (Araliaceae): A phytochemical and biological review. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 23, 100377.
  • Ashmawya, N.S., Gad, H.A., Ashoura, M.L., El-Ahmadya, S.H., Singab, A.N.B., 2018. Comparative study on the volatile constituents of Polyscias guilfoylei and Polyscias balfouriana leaves. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 7(6), 321.
  • Baider, C., Florens, F.V., Baret, S., Beaver, K., Matatiken, D., Strasberg, D., Kueffer, C., 2010. Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean. In Proceedings of the 4th global botanic gardens congress (Vol. 2, pp. 1-7). Dublin: National Botanic Gardens of Ireland.
  • Bedir, E., Toyang, N.J., Khan, I.A., Walker, L.A., Clark, A.M., 2001. A new dammarane-type triterpene glycoside from Polyscias fulva. Journal of Natural Products, 64(1), 95-97.
  • Bertolino, L.T., Caine, R.S., Gray, J.E., 2019. Impact of stomatal density and morphology on water-use efficiency in a changing world. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 225.
  • Do, V.M., Tran, C.L., Nguyen, T.P., 2020. Polysciosides J and K, two new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) harms. cultivating in An Giang Province, Viet Nam. Natural Product Research, 34(9), 1250-1255.
  • Drake, P.L., Froend, R.H., Franks, P.J., 2013. Smaller, faster stomata: scaling of stomatal size, rate of response, and stomatal conductance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(2), 495-505.
  • Driesen, E., Van den Ende, W., De Proft, M., Saeys, W., 2020. Influence of environmental factors light, CO2, temperature, and relative humidity on stomatal opening and development: A review. Agronomy, 10(12), 1975-2002.
  • Eaton, A.L., Brodie, P.J., Callmander, M.W., Rakotondrajaona, R., Rakotobe, E., Rasamison, V.E., Kingston, D.G., 2015. Bioactive Oleanane Glycosides from Polyscias duplicata from the Madagascar Dry Forest. Natural Product Communications, 10(4), 567-570.
  • Elgindi, M.R., Melek, F.R., Hassan, M.A., Abdelaziz, H.S., 2015. Saponins isolated from Polyscias guilfoylei F. Araliaceae. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(3), 545–549.
  • Figat, R., Śliwińska, A., Stochmal, A., Soluch, A., Sobczak, M., Zgadzaj, A., Pietrosiuk, A., 2020. Antigenotoxic, anti-photogenotoxic, and antioxidant properties of Polyscias filicifolia shoots cultivated in vitro. Molecules, 25(5), 1090.
  • Fritz, M.A., Rosa, S., Sicard, A., 2018. Mechanisms underlying the environmentally induced plasticity of leaf morphology. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 478.
  • Gopalsamy, N., Gueho, J., Julien, H.R., Owadally, A.W., Hostettmann, K., 1990. Molluscicidal saponins of Polyscias dichroostachya. Phytochemistry, 29(3), 793-795.
  • Hanh, T.T.H., Dang, N.H., Dat, N.T., 2016. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory saponins from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 2082946.
  • Harris, J.G., Harris, M.W., 1994. Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary (No. QK9 H37 2001). Utah: Spring Lake Publishing.
  • Harrison, E.L., Arce Cubas, L., Gray, J.E., Hepworth, C., 2020. The influence of stomatal morphology and distribution on photosynthetic gas exchange. The Plant Journal, 101(4), 768-779.
  • Huan, V.D., Yamamura, S., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K., Nham, N.T., Chau, H.M., 1998. Oleanane saponins from Polyscias fruticosa. Phytochemistry, 47(3), 451-457.
  • Joondan, N., Laulloo, S.J., Caumul, P., Kharkar, P.S., 2019. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activities of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine ester surfactants: in vitro and in silico studies of their interactions with macromolecules as plausible mode of action for their biological properties. Current Bioactive Compounds, 15(6), 610-622.
  • Laulloo, S.J., Bhowon, M.G., Soyfoo, S., Chua, L.S., 2018. Nutritional and biological evaluation of leaves of Mangifera indica from Mauritius. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 1-9.
  • Li, C., Seeram, N.P., 2018. Ultra‐fast liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the rapid phenolic profiling of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves. Journal of Separation Science, 41(11), 2331-2346.
  • Lin, M., Han, P., Li, Y., Wang, W., Lai, D., Zhou, L., 2019. Quinoa secondary metabolites and their biological activities or functions. Molecules, 24(13), 2512.
  • Luyen, N.T., Dang, N.H., Binh, P.T.X., Hai, N.T., Dat, N.T., 2018. Hypoglycemic property of triterpenoid saponin PFS isolated from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90, 2881-2886.
  • Masruri, E., Elvina, D.I., Kristianingsih, E.P.U., Rahman, M.F., Rurini, R., 2007. Indentification of triterpenoid compound from Polyscias fruticosa Harms (Araliaceae) root bark. In International Conference on Chemical Sciences, Yogyakarta- Indonesia, 24-26 May.
  • Mitaine-Offer, A.C., Tapondjou, L.A., Lontsi, D., Sondengam, B.L., Choudhary, M.I., Lacaille-Dubois, M.A., 2004. Constituents isolated from Polyscias fulva. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 6(32), 607-610.
  • Münger, L.H., Boulos, S., Nyström, L., 2018. UPLC-MS/MS based identification of dietary steryl glucosides by investigation of corresponding free sterols. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 342.
  • Nascimento, Y.M., Abreu, L.S., Lima, R.L., Costa, V.C.O., Melo, J.I.M.D., Braz-Filho, R., Tavares, J.F., 2019. Rapid characterization of triterpene saponins from Zornia brasiliensis by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules, 24(14), 2519.
  • Njateng, G.S.S., Du, Z., Gatsing, D., Mouokeu, R.S., Liu, Y., Zang, H.X., Kuiate, J.R., 2017. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of crude extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 99.
  • Paphassarang, S., Raynaud, J., Lussignol, M., Becchi, M., 1989. Triterpenic glycosides from Polyscias scutellaria. Phytochemistry, 28(5), 1539-1541.
  • Paphassarang, S., Raynaud, J., Lussignol, M., Cabalion, P., 1990. A new oleanolic glycoside from Polyscias scutellaria. Journal of Natural Products, 53(1), 163-166.
  • Pauli, D., White, J.W., Andrade-Sanchez, P., Conley, M.M., Heun, J., Thorp, K.R., Gore, M.A., 2017. Investigation of the influence of leaf thickness on canopy reflectance and physiological traits in upland and Pima cotton populations. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1405.
  • Ragasa, C.Y., Ebajo, V.D., De Los Reyes, M.M., Brkljaca, R., Urban, S., 2015. Chemical constituents of Polyscias nodosa. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(5), 1210-1214.
  • Rummun, N., Neergheen-Bhujun, V.S., Pynee, K.B., Baider, C., Bahorun, T., 2018. The role of endemic plants in Mauritian traditional medicine–Potential therapeutic benefits or placebo effect?. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213, 111-117.
  • Sack, L., Scoffoni, C., 2013. Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future. New Phytologist, 198(4), 983-1000.
  • Said, B.R., Arafa, I.H., Usam A,M., Abdullah Sulaiman, A.A., Kowalczyk, M., Moldoch, J., Stochmal, A., 2017. Tentative characterization of polyphenolic compounds in the male flowers of Phoenix dactylifera by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and DFT. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(3), 512.
  • Sliwinska, A.A., Syklowska-Baranek, K., Kosmider, A., Granica, S., Miszczak, K., Nowicka, G., Pietrosiuk, A., 2018. Stimulation of phenolic compounds production in the in vitro cultivated Polyscias filicifolia Bailey shoots and evaluation of the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of plant extracts. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 87(2), 1-16.
  • Stasolla, C., Yeung, E.C., 2015. ‘Paraffin and Polyester Waxes’ in Edward Chee Tak Yeung, Claudio Stasolla, Michael John Sumner and Bing Quan Huang, eds. Plant Microtechniques and Protocols. Cham Springer International Publishing, pp. 45-66.
  • Sugimoto, S., Yamano, Y., Khalil, H.E., Otsuka, H., Kamel, M.S., Matsunami, K., 2017. Chemical structures of constituents from the leaves of Polyscias balfouriana. Journal of Natural Medicines, 71(3), 558-563.
  • Świątek, Ł., Sieniawska, E., Mahomoodally, M.F., Sadeer, N.B., Wojtanowski, K.K., Rajtar, B., Zengin, G., 2021. Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Extracts from Two Oenanthe Species (O. aquatica and O. silaifolia). Pharmaceuticals, 15(1), 50-61.
  • Tang, W., Harada, K., Kubo, M., Hioki, H., Fukuyama, Y., 2011. Eight new clerodane diterpenoids from the bark of Ptychopetalum olacoides. Natural Product Communications, 6(3), 327-332.
  • Tankeo, S.B., Tane, P., Kuete, V., 2015. In vitro antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiation activities of the methanol extracts from Beilschmiedia acuta, Clausena anisata, Newbouldia laevis and Polyscias fulva against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1), 412.
  • Willems, J.L., Khamis, M.M., Saeid, W.M., Purves, R.W., Katselis, G., Low, N.H., El-Aneed, A., 2016. Analysis of a series of chlorogenic acid isomers using differential ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 933, 164-174.
  • Winnie, C.M., Isabel, N.W., Josphat, C.M., 2019. Antibacterial saponins from the leaves of Polyscias fulva (Araliaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 18(19), 390-398.
Yıl 2022, , 239 - 251, 15.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.29228/ijpbp.6

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ashmawya, N.S., Gad, H.A., Al-Musayeib, N., El-Ahmady, S.H., Ashour, M.L., Singab, A.N. B., 2019. Phytoconstituents from Polyscias guilfoylei leaves with histamine-release inhibition activity. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 74(5-6), 145-150.
  • Ashmawya, N.S., Gad, H.A., Ashour, M.L., El-Ahmady, S.H., Singab, A.N.B., 2020. The genus Polyscias (Araliaceae): A phytochemical and biological review. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 23, 100377.
  • Ashmawya, N.S., Gad, H.A., Ashoura, M.L., El-Ahmadya, S.H., Singab, A.N.B., 2018. Comparative study on the volatile constituents of Polyscias guilfoylei and Polyscias balfouriana leaves. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, 7(6), 321.
  • Baider, C., Florens, F.V., Baret, S., Beaver, K., Matatiken, D., Strasberg, D., Kueffer, C., 2010. Status of plant conservation in oceanic islands of the Western Indian Ocean. In Proceedings of the 4th global botanic gardens congress (Vol. 2, pp. 1-7). Dublin: National Botanic Gardens of Ireland.
  • Bedir, E., Toyang, N.J., Khan, I.A., Walker, L.A., Clark, A.M., 2001. A new dammarane-type triterpene glycoside from Polyscias fulva. Journal of Natural Products, 64(1), 95-97.
  • Bertolino, L.T., Caine, R.S., Gray, J.E., 2019. Impact of stomatal density and morphology on water-use efficiency in a changing world. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10, 225.
  • Do, V.M., Tran, C.L., Nguyen, T.P., 2020. Polysciosides J and K, two new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Polyscias fruticosa (L.) harms. cultivating in An Giang Province, Viet Nam. Natural Product Research, 34(9), 1250-1255.
  • Drake, P.L., Froend, R.H., Franks, P.J., 2013. Smaller, faster stomata: scaling of stomatal size, rate of response, and stomatal conductance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64(2), 495-505.
  • Driesen, E., Van den Ende, W., De Proft, M., Saeys, W., 2020. Influence of environmental factors light, CO2, temperature, and relative humidity on stomatal opening and development: A review. Agronomy, 10(12), 1975-2002.
  • Eaton, A.L., Brodie, P.J., Callmander, M.W., Rakotondrajaona, R., Rakotobe, E., Rasamison, V.E., Kingston, D.G., 2015. Bioactive Oleanane Glycosides from Polyscias duplicata from the Madagascar Dry Forest. Natural Product Communications, 10(4), 567-570.
  • Elgindi, M.R., Melek, F.R., Hassan, M.A., Abdelaziz, H.S., 2015. Saponins isolated from Polyscias guilfoylei F. Araliaceae. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(3), 545–549.
  • Figat, R., Śliwińska, A., Stochmal, A., Soluch, A., Sobczak, M., Zgadzaj, A., Pietrosiuk, A., 2020. Antigenotoxic, anti-photogenotoxic, and antioxidant properties of Polyscias filicifolia shoots cultivated in vitro. Molecules, 25(5), 1090.
  • Fritz, M.A., Rosa, S., Sicard, A., 2018. Mechanisms underlying the environmentally induced plasticity of leaf morphology. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 478.
  • Gopalsamy, N., Gueho, J., Julien, H.R., Owadally, A.W., Hostettmann, K., 1990. Molluscicidal saponins of Polyscias dichroostachya. Phytochemistry, 29(3), 793-795.
  • Hanh, T.T.H., Dang, N.H., Dat, N.T., 2016. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory saponins from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 2082946.
  • Harris, J.G., Harris, M.W., 1994. Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary (No. QK9 H37 2001). Utah: Spring Lake Publishing.
  • Harrison, E.L., Arce Cubas, L., Gray, J.E., Hepworth, C., 2020. The influence of stomatal morphology and distribution on photosynthetic gas exchange. The Plant Journal, 101(4), 768-779.
  • Huan, V.D., Yamamura, S., Ohtani, K., Kasai, R., Yamasaki, K., Nham, N.T., Chau, H.M., 1998. Oleanane saponins from Polyscias fruticosa. Phytochemistry, 47(3), 451-457.
  • Joondan, N., Laulloo, S.J., Caumul, P., Kharkar, P.S., 2019. Antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activities of L-Phenylalanine and L-Tyrosine ester surfactants: in vitro and in silico studies of their interactions with macromolecules as plausible mode of action for their biological properties. Current Bioactive Compounds, 15(6), 610-622.
  • Laulloo, S.J., Bhowon, M.G., Soyfoo, S., Chua, L.S., 2018. Nutritional and biological evaluation of leaves of Mangifera indica from Mauritius. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 1-9.
  • Li, C., Seeram, N.P., 2018. Ultra‐fast liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the rapid phenolic profiling of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves. Journal of Separation Science, 41(11), 2331-2346.
  • Lin, M., Han, P., Li, Y., Wang, W., Lai, D., Zhou, L., 2019. Quinoa secondary metabolites and their biological activities or functions. Molecules, 24(13), 2512.
  • Luyen, N.T., Dang, N.H., Binh, P.T.X., Hai, N.T., Dat, N.T., 2018. Hypoglycemic property of triterpenoid saponin PFS isolated from Polyscias fruticosa leaves. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90, 2881-2886.
  • Masruri, E., Elvina, D.I., Kristianingsih, E.P.U., Rahman, M.F., Rurini, R., 2007. Indentification of triterpenoid compound from Polyscias fruticosa Harms (Araliaceae) root bark. In International Conference on Chemical Sciences, Yogyakarta- Indonesia, 24-26 May.
  • Mitaine-Offer, A.C., Tapondjou, L.A., Lontsi, D., Sondengam, B.L., Choudhary, M.I., Lacaille-Dubois, M.A., 2004. Constituents isolated from Polyscias fulva. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 6(32), 607-610.
  • Münger, L.H., Boulos, S., Nyström, L., 2018. UPLC-MS/MS based identification of dietary steryl glucosides by investigation of corresponding free sterols. Frontiers in Chemistry, 6, 342.
  • Nascimento, Y.M., Abreu, L.S., Lima, R.L., Costa, V.C.O., Melo, J.I.M.D., Braz-Filho, R., Tavares, J.F., 2019. Rapid characterization of triterpene saponins from Zornia brasiliensis by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Molecules, 24(14), 2519.
  • Njateng, G.S.S., Du, Z., Gatsing, D., Mouokeu, R.S., Liu, Y., Zang, H.X., Kuiate, J.R., 2017. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of crude extract, fractions and compounds from the stem bark of Polyscias fulva Hiern (Araliaceae). BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17(1), 99.
  • Paphassarang, S., Raynaud, J., Lussignol, M., Becchi, M., 1989. Triterpenic glycosides from Polyscias scutellaria. Phytochemistry, 28(5), 1539-1541.
  • Paphassarang, S., Raynaud, J., Lussignol, M., Cabalion, P., 1990. A new oleanolic glycoside from Polyscias scutellaria. Journal of Natural Products, 53(1), 163-166.
  • Pauli, D., White, J.W., Andrade-Sanchez, P., Conley, M.M., Heun, J., Thorp, K.R., Gore, M.A., 2017. Investigation of the influence of leaf thickness on canopy reflectance and physiological traits in upland and Pima cotton populations. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1405.
  • Ragasa, C.Y., Ebajo, V.D., De Los Reyes, M.M., Brkljaca, R., Urban, S., 2015. Chemical constituents of Polyscias nodosa. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(5), 1210-1214.
  • Rummun, N., Neergheen-Bhujun, V.S., Pynee, K.B., Baider, C., Bahorun, T., 2018. The role of endemic plants in Mauritian traditional medicine–Potential therapeutic benefits or placebo effect?. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213, 111-117.
  • Sack, L., Scoffoni, C., 2013. Leaf venation: structure, function, development, evolution, ecology and applications in the past, present and future. New Phytologist, 198(4), 983-1000.
  • Said, B.R., Arafa, I.H., Usam A,M., Abdullah Sulaiman, A.A., Kowalczyk, M., Moldoch, J., Stochmal, A., 2017. Tentative characterization of polyphenolic compounds in the male flowers of Phoenix dactylifera by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and DFT. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(3), 512.
  • Sliwinska, A.A., Syklowska-Baranek, K., Kosmider, A., Granica, S., Miszczak, K., Nowicka, G., Pietrosiuk, A., 2018. Stimulation of phenolic compounds production in the in vitro cultivated Polyscias filicifolia Bailey shoots and evaluation of the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of plant extracts. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 87(2), 1-16.
  • Stasolla, C., Yeung, E.C., 2015. ‘Paraffin and Polyester Waxes’ in Edward Chee Tak Yeung, Claudio Stasolla, Michael John Sumner and Bing Quan Huang, eds. Plant Microtechniques and Protocols. Cham Springer International Publishing, pp. 45-66.
  • Sugimoto, S., Yamano, Y., Khalil, H.E., Otsuka, H., Kamel, M.S., Matsunami, K., 2017. Chemical structures of constituents from the leaves of Polyscias balfouriana. Journal of Natural Medicines, 71(3), 558-563.
  • Świątek, Ł., Sieniawska, E., Mahomoodally, M.F., Sadeer, N.B., Wojtanowski, K.K., Rajtar, B., Zengin, G., 2021. Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of the Extracts from Two Oenanthe Species (O. aquatica and O. silaifolia). Pharmaceuticals, 15(1), 50-61.
  • Tang, W., Harada, K., Kubo, M., Hioki, H., Fukuyama, Y., 2011. Eight new clerodane diterpenoids from the bark of Ptychopetalum olacoides. Natural Product Communications, 6(3), 327-332.
  • Tankeo, S.B., Tane, P., Kuete, V., 2015. In vitro antibacterial and antibiotic-potentiation activities of the methanol extracts from Beilschmiedia acuta, Clausena anisata, Newbouldia laevis and Polyscias fulva against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1), 412.
  • Willems, J.L., Khamis, M.M., Saeid, W.M., Purves, R.W., Katselis, G., Low, N.H., El-Aneed, A., 2016. Analysis of a series of chlorogenic acid isomers using differential ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 933, 164-174.
  • Winnie, C.M., Isabel, N.W., Josphat, C.M., 2019. Antibacterial saponins from the leaves of Polyscias fulva (Araliaceae). African Journal of Biotechnology, 18(19), 390-398.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eczacılık ve İlaç Bilimleri
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Minu Gupta Bhowon Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1942-6098

Lee Suan Chua Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2493-9963

Shobha Jawaheer Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6273-9113

Ayeshna D. Soodhowa Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5551-3901

Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8841-9276

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Bhowon, M. G., Chua, L. S., Jawaheer, S., Soodhowa, A. D., vd. (2022). Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius. International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals, 2(2), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.29228/ijpbp.6
AMA Bhowon MG, Chua LS, Jawaheer S, Soodhowa AD, Jhaumeer Laulloo S. Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius. Int. J. Plant Bas. Pharm. Aralık 2022;2(2):239-251. doi:10.29228/ijpbp.6
Chicago Bhowon, Minu Gupta, Lee Suan Chua, Shobha Jawaheer, Ayeshna D. Soodhowa, ve Sabina Jhaumeer Laulloo. “Morphology, Biological and Chemical Profiling of Three Polyscias Species, Endemic to Mauritius”. International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals 2, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 239-51. https://doi.org/10.29228/ijpbp.6.
EndNote Bhowon MG, Chua LS, Jawaheer S, Soodhowa AD, Jhaumeer Laulloo S (01 Aralık 2022) Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius. International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals 2 2 239–251.
IEEE M. G. Bhowon, L. S. Chua, S. Jawaheer, A. D. Soodhowa, ve S. Jhaumeer Laulloo, “Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius”, Int. J. Plant Bas. Pharm., c. 2, sy. 2, ss. 239–251, 2022, doi: 10.29228/ijpbp.6.
ISNAD Bhowon, Minu Gupta vd. “Morphology, Biological and Chemical Profiling of Three Polyscias Species, Endemic to Mauritius”. International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals 2/2 (Aralık 2022), 239-251. https://doi.org/10.29228/ijpbp.6.
JAMA Bhowon MG, Chua LS, Jawaheer S, Soodhowa AD, Jhaumeer Laulloo S. Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius. Int. J. Plant Bas. Pharm. 2022;2:239–251.
MLA Bhowon, Minu Gupta vd. “Morphology, Biological and Chemical Profiling of Three Polyscias Species, Endemic to Mauritius”. International Journal of Plant Based Pharmaceuticals, c. 2, sy. 2, 2022, ss. 239-51, doi:10.29228/ijpbp.6.
Vancouver Bhowon MG, Chua LS, Jawaheer S, Soodhowa AD, Jhaumeer Laulloo S. Morphology, biological and chemical profiling of three Polyscias species, endemic to Mauritius. Int. J. Plant Bas. Pharm. 2022;2(2):239-51.