Araştırma Makalesi
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Political Economy of Natural Disaster Measures

Yıl 2019, , 75 - 98, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.585338

Öz

Societies
do not take adequate action to prevent/mitigation and transfer of risk against
natural disaster hazards. The public sector needs to intervene in market
failures arising from problems such as imperfect/asymmetric information,
myopia, collective inertia. Thus, the fiscal burden of natural disasters on
public finance can be reduced and social welfare can be increased by the more
efficient allocation of social resources. However, the public sector also fails
in this regard. There are political motivations that prevent effective natural
disaster risk management. Politicians pay more attention to policies that will
provide them electoral support in the short term due to the problem of time
inconsistency in public finances. For this reason, they do not make enough regulations
and investments for natural disaster measures, if the benefits of the measures
appear in the long term and put a burden on voters in the short term. They
prefer disaster aids due to election supports. The solution to the problems
arising from political motivations depends on the establishment of institutional
mechanisms to increase democratic accountability and raise awareness of the
risks of natural disasters.

Kaynakça

  • Achen, C. H. & Bartels, L.M. (2004), “Blind Retrospection Electoral Responses to Drought, Flu, and Shark Attacks”, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales Working Paper, No.199.
  • Akar, S. (2013), “Doğal Afetlerin Kamu Maliyesine ve Makro Ekonomiye Etkileri: Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı. 21, ss.185-206.
  • Akerlof, G. A. (1970). “The Market for ‘‘Lemons’’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 84 (3), pp. 488–500. Albala-Bertrand, J. (1993). “Natural Disaster Situations and Growth: A Macroeconomic Model for Sudden Disaster Impacts”, World Development, Vol. 71( 9), pp.1417-1434.
  • Alesina, A. & Tabellini, G. (1990). “A Positive Theory of Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt”, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 57(3), pp. 403-414.
  • Altun, Tülin; (2018), “Doğal Afet Sigortalarında Karar Alma Sorunları: Kamusal Müdahaleler”, Business and Economics Research Journal, Vo. 9.2, pp. 349-361.
  • Anbarcı, N., Escaleras, M. & Register, C. A. (2005). “Earthquake Fatalities: The Interaction of Nature and Political Economy”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 89, pp. 1907-1933.
  • Auffret, P. (2003), “Catastrophe Insurance Market in the Caribbean Region: Market Failures and Recommendations for Public Sector Interventions”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2963.
  • Australian Government Department of Home Affairs; “Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements”, https://www.disasterassist.gov.au/Documents/Fact-sheets/NDRRA-Factsheet.pdf. 18.01.2019.
  • Barro R. (2006). “Rare Disasters and Asset Markets in the Twentieth Century”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 121, pp. 823-866.
  • Barro R. (2009). “RareDisasters, Asset Prices, and Welfare Costs” American Economic Review, Vol. 99(1), pp. 243–264.
  • Benali, N., Abdelka, I. & Feki, R. (2018). “Natural Disaster Shocks and Government’s Behavior: Evidence from Midde Income Countries”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 27, pp.1-6.
  • Benson, C. & Clay, E. J. (2004). “Understanding the Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters”, Disaster Risk Management Series, No.4, The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development ve The World Bank.
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Tullock, G. (1962). The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundation of Constitutional Democracy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Wagner R. E. (1977). Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes, Academic Press, New York.
  • Buchanan, J. M. (1975). “The Samaritan’s Dilemma”, Edmund S. Phelps (Ed.), Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory, Russell Sage Foundation, pp.71–85.
  • Carsell, M, M., Pingel, N. D. & Ford D. T. (2004). “Quantifying the Benefit of a Flood Warning System”, Natural Hazars Review, Vol. 5(3), pp.131-140.
  • Cavallo, E, & Noy, I. (2010). “The Economics of Natural Disasters: A Survey”, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Working Paper Series, No. 124.
  • Dayton-Johnson, J, (2004). “Natural Disasters and Adaptive Capacity”, OECD Development Centre Working Paper, No. 237.
  • Friedl, A., de Miranda, K. L. & Schmidt, U. (2014). “Insurance Demand and Social Comparision: An Experimental Analysis”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 48, pp. 97-109.
  • Garrett, T. A. & Sobel, R. S. (2003). “The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments”, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 41(3), pp. 496-509.
  • Gasper, J. T. & Reeves, A. (2011). “Make It Rain? Retrospection and the Attentive Electorate in the Context of Natural Disasters” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 55(2), pp. 340-355.
  • Gülkan, P. (2001). “The Search for Enhanced Disaster Resistance of the Building Stock in Turkey: Recent Legislative Measures for Effective Building Code Enforcement and Mitigation Policies”, Consultancy Report forThe World Bank and Turkish Treasury, TEFER, Government of Turkey, Ankara.
  • Hanger, S., Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Surminski, S., Nenciu-Posner, C., Lorant, A., Ionescu, R. & Patt, A. (2018). “Insurance, Public Assistance, and Household Flood Risk Reduction: A Comparative Study of Austria, England, and Romania”, Risk Analysis, Vol. 38(4), pp. 680-693.
  • Healy, A. J. & Malhotra, N. (2008). “Preferring a Pound of Cureto an Ounce of Prevention: Retrospective Voting and Failures in Electoral Accountability”, mimeo, Loyola Marymount University.
  • Healy, A, J. & Malhotra, N. (2009). “Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 103(2), pp. 387-406.Heger, M., Julca, A. & Paddison, O. (2008). “Analysing the Impact of Natural Hazards in Small Economies: The Caribbean Case”, UNU/WIDER Research Paper, No. 25.
  • Hochrainer, S. (2009). “Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters – Are there Any?”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4968.
  • Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Keating, A., Handmer, J. & Ladds, M. (2018), “Government Liabilities for Disaster Risk in Industrialized Countries: A Case Study of Australia”, Environmental Hazards, Vol. 17(5), pp.418-435.
  • Jaffe, D. & Russell, T. (2013). “The Welfare Economics of Catastrophe Losses and Insurance”, The Geneva Papers, Voy, 38, pp. 469-494.
  • Jha, S., Martinez, A., Quising, P., Ardaniel, Z. & Wang, L. (2018). “Natural Disasters, Public Spending, and Creative Destructuion: A Case Study of Philippines”, Asian Development Bank Institute (ABDI) Working Paper, No. 817.
  • Johnson, E. J., Hershey, J. Meszaros, J. & Kunreuther, H. (1993). “Framing, Probability Distortions, and Insurance Decisions”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 7(1), Special Issue: Making Decisions About Liability and Insurance, pp. 35-51.
  • Kahn, M. E. (2005). “The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography, and Institutions”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 87(2), pp. 271-284.
  • Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk”, Econometrica, Vol. 47 (2), pp. 263-292.
  • Kahneman, D. (2003). “Psychology for Behavioral Economics”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 93(5), pp. 1449-1475.
  • Kenny, C. (2009). “Why Do People Die in Earthquakes? The Costs, Benefits and Institutions of Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries”, Word Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4823.
  • Kunreuther, H. & Pauly, M. (2014). “Behavioral Economics and Insurance: Principles and Solutions”, The Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center Working Paper, No.1.
  • Kunreuther, H., Meyer, R. & Michel-Kerjan, E. (2013). “Overcoming Decision Biases to Reduce Losses from Natural Catastrophes”, Eldar Shafir (Ed.), The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton, pp. 398-411.
  • Kunreuther, H. (2015). “The Role of Insurance in Reducing Losses From Extrem Events: The Need for Public-Private Partnerships”, The Genava Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice, Vol. 4, pp. 741-762.
  • Kunreuther, H. (2016). “Reducing Losses From Catastrophes: Role of Insurance and Other Policy Tools”, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 58(1), pp. 30-37.
  • Kydland, F. & Prescott, E. (1977). “Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85(3), pp. 473-492.
  • Laibson, D. (1997). “Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112(2), pp. 443–478.
  • Linnerooth-Bayer, J. & Mechler, R. (2006). “Insurance for Assisting Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries: A Proposed Strategy”, Climate Policy, Vol. 6(6), pp. 621-636.
  • Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Surminski, S., Bouwer, L., Noy, I. & Mechler, R. (2019). “Insurance as a ResponsetoLoss and Damage?”, Reinhard Mechler, Laurens M. Bouwer Thomas Schinko, Swenja Surminski, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer (Ed.), Loss and Damage from Climate Change Concepts, Methods and Policy Options Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Book Series, Springer, pp. 483-512.
  • Ma, S. & Jiang, J. (2018). “Discrete Dynamical Pareto Optimization Model in the Risk Portfolio for Natural Disaster Insurance in China”, Natural Hazards, Vol. 90, pp. 445-460.
  • Marti, R. Z. (1997). “Methodological Approaches: The ECLAC Methodology”, in Assessment of the Economic Impactof Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters – European Commission Humanitarian Office, Proceedings of the Expert Consultation on Methodologies, Brussels, 29–30 September, UniversiteCatholique de Louvain, Belgium, pp.10-12.
  • McAneney, J., McAneney,D., Musulin, R., Walker, G. & Crompton R. (2016). “Governmet-Sponsored Natural Disaster in Insurance Pools: A ViewfromDown-Under”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reductions, Vol. 15, pp. 1-9
  • Murlidharan, T.L. & Shah, H. (2001). “Catastrophes and Macroeconomic Risk Factors: An Empirical Study”, Proceedings of the Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management: Reducing Socio-Economic Vulnerability, Laxenburg, Austria, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
  • Neumayer, E., Plumper, T. & Barthel, F. (2014). “The Political Economy of Natural Disaster Damage”, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 24, pp. 8-19.
  • Noy, I. & Nualsri, A. (2011). “Fiscal Storms: Public Spending and Revenues in the Aftermath of Natural Disasters”, Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 16(1), pp. 113- 128.
  • Noy, I., Kusuma, A. & Nguyen, C. (2017). “Insuring Disasters: A Survey of the Economics of Insurance Programs for Earthquakes and Droughts”, School of Economics and Finance (SEF) Working Paper, No. 11
  • Noy, I. (2009). “The Macroeconomic Consequences of Disasters”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 88(2), pp. 221-231.
  • Otero, R. C. & Marti, Z. R. (1995). “The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Developing Economies: Implications for the International Development and Disaster Community”, Mohan Munasinghe and Caroline Clarke (Ed.), Disaster Prevention for Sustainable Development: Economic and Policy Issues, The International Bank for Reconstruction and The Word Bank, pp. 11-40.
  • Pelling, M., Özerdem, A. & Barakat, S. (2002). “The Macro-economic Impact of Disasters”, Progress in Development Studies, Vol. 2(4), pp. 283–305.
  • Perrow, C. (2007). The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Persson, T. & Svensson, L. E. O. (1989). “Why a Stubborn Conservative would Run a Deficit: Policy with Time-Inconsistent Preferences”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 104(2), pp. 325-345.
  • Poussin, J. K., Botzen, W. & Aerts, J. (2014). “Factors of Influence on Flood Damage Mitigation Behavior by Households”, Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 40, pp. 69-77.
  • Praeter, C. & Lindell, M. K. (2000). “Politics of Hazard Mitigation”, Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 1(2), pp. 73-82.
  • Raddatz C. (2007). “Are External Shocks Responsible for the Instability of Output in Low-Income Countries?”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 84(1), pp. 155-187.
  • Raschky, P. A. & Weck-Hannemann, H. (2007). “Charity Hazard: A real Hazard to Natural Disaster Insurance?”, Environmental Hazard, Vol. 7(4), pp. 321-329.
  • Resmi Gazete (1959). Kanun No.7269, Tarih: 15.5.1959 “Umumi Hayata Müessir Afetler Dolayısıyla Alınacak Tedbirlerle Yapılacak Yardımlara Dair Kanun”, Tarih: 25/5/1959, Sayı : 10213.
  • Rogoff, K. (1990). “Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles”, American Economic Review, Vol. 80(1), pp. 21-36.
  • Rothschild, M. & Stiglitz, J. (1976). “Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 90(4), pp. 629-649.
  • Spence, R. (2004). “Risk and Regulation: Can Improved Government Action Reduce the Impact of Natural Disasters?”, Building Research and Information, Vol. 32(5), pp.391-402.
  • Toya, H. & Skidmore, M. (2007). “Economic Development and the Impacts of Natural Disasters”, Economic Letters, Vol. 94, pp.20-25.
  • Tversky, A. & Shafir, E. (1992). “Choice Under Conflict: The Dynamics of Deferred Decision”, Psychological Science, Vol. 3(6), pp. 358-361.

Doğal Afet Önlemlerinin Politik Ekonomisi

Yıl 2019, , 75 - 98, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.585338

Öz

Toplumlar doğal afet
zararlarının önlenmesi/azaltılması, riskin yayılması için yeterince eylemde
bulunmamaktadır. Kamu kesiminin eksik/ asimetrik bilgi, miyopluk, kolektif
eylemsizlik gibi sorunlardan kaynaklanan piyasa başarısızlıklarına müdahale
etmesi gereklidir. Böylelikle doğal afetlerin kamu maliyesine getireceği mali
yük azaltılabileceği gibi, toplumsal kaynakların daha etkin tahsisi sağlanarak
sosyal refah artırılabilir.  Bununla
birlikte kamu kesimi de bu konuda başarısız olmaktadır. Etkin doğal afet
yönetimi yapılmasını engelleyen politik motivasyonlar bulunmaktadır.
Politikacılar kamu maliyesindeki zaman tutarsızlığı probleminden dolayı
kendilerine kısa vadede seçim desteği sağlayacak politikalara daha fazla önem
verirler. Bu nedenle eğer önlemlerin faydası uzun vadede ortaya çıkıyor ve kısa
vadede seçmenlere yük getiriyor ise, doğal afet önlemlerine ilişkin
düzenlemeleri ve yatırımları yeterince yapmazlar. Seçimsel desteklerden dolayı
afet yardımları yapmayı tercih ederler. Politik motivasyonlardan kaynaklanan
sorunların çözümü, demokratik hesap verebilirliği artıracak kurumsal
mekanizmaların oluşturulmasına ve doğal afet riskleri konusundaki
farkındalıkların artmasına bağlıdır. 

Kaynakça

  • Achen, C. H. & Bartels, L.M. (2004), “Blind Retrospection Electoral Responses to Drought, Flu, and Shark Attacks”, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias Sociales Working Paper, No.199.
  • Akar, S. (2013), “Doğal Afetlerin Kamu Maliyesine ve Makro Ekonomiye Etkileri: Türkiye Değerlendirmesi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı. 21, ss.185-206.
  • Akerlof, G. A. (1970). “The Market for ‘‘Lemons’’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 84 (3), pp. 488–500. Albala-Bertrand, J. (1993). “Natural Disaster Situations and Growth: A Macroeconomic Model for Sudden Disaster Impacts”, World Development, Vol. 71( 9), pp.1417-1434.
  • Alesina, A. & Tabellini, G. (1990). “A Positive Theory of Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt”, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 57(3), pp. 403-414.
  • Altun, Tülin; (2018), “Doğal Afet Sigortalarında Karar Alma Sorunları: Kamusal Müdahaleler”, Business and Economics Research Journal, Vo. 9.2, pp. 349-361.
  • Anbarcı, N., Escaleras, M. & Register, C. A. (2005). “Earthquake Fatalities: The Interaction of Nature and Political Economy”, Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 89, pp. 1907-1933.
  • Auffret, P. (2003), “Catastrophe Insurance Market in the Caribbean Region: Market Failures and Recommendations for Public Sector Interventions”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2963.
  • Australian Government Department of Home Affairs; “Natural Disaster Relief and Recovery Arrangements”, https://www.disasterassist.gov.au/Documents/Fact-sheets/NDRRA-Factsheet.pdf. 18.01.2019.
  • Barro R. (2006). “Rare Disasters and Asset Markets in the Twentieth Century”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 121, pp. 823-866.
  • Barro R. (2009). “RareDisasters, Asset Prices, and Welfare Costs” American Economic Review, Vol. 99(1), pp. 243–264.
  • Benali, N., Abdelka, I. & Feki, R. (2018). “Natural Disaster Shocks and Government’s Behavior: Evidence from Midde Income Countries”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 27, pp.1-6.
  • Benson, C. & Clay, E. J. (2004). “Understanding the Economic and Financial Impacts of Natural Disasters”, Disaster Risk Management Series, No.4, The International Bank for Reconstructionand Development ve The World Bank.
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Tullock, G. (1962). The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundation of Constitutional Democracy, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Wagner R. E. (1977). Democracy in Deficit: The Political Legacy of Lord Keynes, Academic Press, New York.
  • Buchanan, J. M. (1975). “The Samaritan’s Dilemma”, Edmund S. Phelps (Ed.), Altruism, Morality and Economic Theory, Russell Sage Foundation, pp.71–85.
  • Carsell, M, M., Pingel, N. D. & Ford D. T. (2004). “Quantifying the Benefit of a Flood Warning System”, Natural Hazars Review, Vol. 5(3), pp.131-140.
  • Cavallo, E, & Noy, I. (2010). “The Economics of Natural Disasters: A Survey”, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Working Paper Series, No. 124.
  • Dayton-Johnson, J, (2004). “Natural Disasters and Adaptive Capacity”, OECD Development Centre Working Paper, No. 237.
  • Friedl, A., de Miranda, K. L. & Schmidt, U. (2014). “Insurance Demand and Social Comparision: An Experimental Analysis”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 48, pp. 97-109.
  • Garrett, T. A. & Sobel, R. S. (2003). “The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments”, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 41(3), pp. 496-509.
  • Gasper, J. T. & Reeves, A. (2011). “Make It Rain? Retrospection and the Attentive Electorate in the Context of Natural Disasters” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 55(2), pp. 340-355.
  • Gülkan, P. (2001). “The Search for Enhanced Disaster Resistance of the Building Stock in Turkey: Recent Legislative Measures for Effective Building Code Enforcement and Mitigation Policies”, Consultancy Report forThe World Bank and Turkish Treasury, TEFER, Government of Turkey, Ankara.
  • Hanger, S., Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Surminski, S., Nenciu-Posner, C., Lorant, A., Ionescu, R. & Patt, A. (2018). “Insurance, Public Assistance, and Household Flood Risk Reduction: A Comparative Study of Austria, England, and Romania”, Risk Analysis, Vol. 38(4), pp. 680-693.
  • Healy, A. J. & Malhotra, N. (2008). “Preferring a Pound of Cureto an Ounce of Prevention: Retrospective Voting and Failures in Electoral Accountability”, mimeo, Loyola Marymount University.
  • Healy, A, J. & Malhotra, N. (2009). “Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy”, American Political Science Review, Vol. 103(2), pp. 387-406.Heger, M., Julca, A. & Paddison, O. (2008). “Analysing the Impact of Natural Hazards in Small Economies: The Caribbean Case”, UNU/WIDER Research Paper, No. 25.
  • Hochrainer, S. (2009). “Assessing the Macroeconomic Impacts of Natural Disasters – Are there Any?”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4968.
  • Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Keating, A., Handmer, J. & Ladds, M. (2018), “Government Liabilities for Disaster Risk in Industrialized Countries: A Case Study of Australia”, Environmental Hazards, Vol. 17(5), pp.418-435.
  • Jaffe, D. & Russell, T. (2013). “The Welfare Economics of Catastrophe Losses and Insurance”, The Geneva Papers, Voy, 38, pp. 469-494.
  • Jha, S., Martinez, A., Quising, P., Ardaniel, Z. & Wang, L. (2018). “Natural Disasters, Public Spending, and Creative Destructuion: A Case Study of Philippines”, Asian Development Bank Institute (ABDI) Working Paper, No. 817.
  • Johnson, E. J., Hershey, J. Meszaros, J. & Kunreuther, H. (1993). “Framing, Probability Distortions, and Insurance Decisions”, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 7(1), Special Issue: Making Decisions About Liability and Insurance, pp. 35-51.
  • Kahn, M. E. (2005). “The Death Toll from Natural Disasters: The Role of Income, Geography, and Institutions”, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 87(2), pp. 271-284.
  • Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk”, Econometrica, Vol. 47 (2), pp. 263-292.
  • Kahneman, D. (2003). “Psychology for Behavioral Economics”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 93(5), pp. 1449-1475.
  • Kenny, C. (2009). “Why Do People Die in Earthquakes? The Costs, Benefits and Institutions of Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries”, Word Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No. 4823.
  • Kunreuther, H. & Pauly, M. (2014). “Behavioral Economics and Insurance: Principles and Solutions”, The Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center Working Paper, No.1.
  • Kunreuther, H., Meyer, R. & Michel-Kerjan, E. (2013). “Overcoming Decision Biases to Reduce Losses from Natural Catastrophes”, Eldar Shafir (Ed.), The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy, Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton, pp. 398-411.
  • Kunreuther, H. (2015). “The Role of Insurance in Reducing Losses From Extrem Events: The Need for Public-Private Partnerships”, The Genava Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice, Vol. 4, pp. 741-762.
  • Kunreuther, H. (2016). “Reducing Losses From Catastrophes: Role of Insurance and Other Policy Tools”, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, Vol. 58(1), pp. 30-37.
  • Kydland, F. & Prescott, E. (1977). “Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 85(3), pp. 473-492.
  • Laibson, D. (1997). “Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 112(2), pp. 443–478.
  • Linnerooth-Bayer, J. & Mechler, R. (2006). “Insurance for Assisting Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries: A Proposed Strategy”, Climate Policy, Vol. 6(6), pp. 621-636.
  • Linnerooth-Bayer, J., Surminski, S., Bouwer, L., Noy, I. & Mechler, R. (2019). “Insurance as a ResponsetoLoss and Damage?”, Reinhard Mechler, Laurens M. Bouwer Thomas Schinko, Swenja Surminski, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer (Ed.), Loss and Damage from Climate Change Concepts, Methods and Policy Options Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance Book Series, Springer, pp. 483-512.
  • Ma, S. & Jiang, J. (2018). “Discrete Dynamical Pareto Optimization Model in the Risk Portfolio for Natural Disaster Insurance in China”, Natural Hazards, Vol. 90, pp. 445-460.
  • Marti, R. Z. (1997). “Methodological Approaches: The ECLAC Methodology”, in Assessment of the Economic Impactof Natural and Man-Made Disasters, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters – European Commission Humanitarian Office, Proceedings of the Expert Consultation on Methodologies, Brussels, 29–30 September, UniversiteCatholique de Louvain, Belgium, pp.10-12.
  • McAneney, J., McAneney,D., Musulin, R., Walker, G. & Crompton R. (2016). “Governmet-Sponsored Natural Disaster in Insurance Pools: A ViewfromDown-Under”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reductions, Vol. 15, pp. 1-9
  • Murlidharan, T.L. & Shah, H. (2001). “Catastrophes and Macroeconomic Risk Factors: An Empirical Study”, Proceedings of the Conference on Integrated Disaster Risk Management: Reducing Socio-Economic Vulnerability, Laxenburg, Austria, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
  • Neumayer, E., Plumper, T. & Barthel, F. (2014). “The Political Economy of Natural Disaster Damage”, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 24, pp. 8-19.
  • Noy, I. & Nualsri, A. (2011). “Fiscal Storms: Public Spending and Revenues in the Aftermath of Natural Disasters”, Environment and Development Economics, Vol. 16(1), pp. 113- 128.
  • Noy, I., Kusuma, A. & Nguyen, C. (2017). “Insuring Disasters: A Survey of the Economics of Insurance Programs for Earthquakes and Droughts”, School of Economics and Finance (SEF) Working Paper, No. 11
  • Noy, I. (2009). “The Macroeconomic Consequences of Disasters”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 88(2), pp. 221-231.
  • Otero, R. C. & Marti, Z. R. (1995). “The Impacts of Natural Disasters on Developing Economies: Implications for the International Development and Disaster Community”, Mohan Munasinghe and Caroline Clarke (Ed.), Disaster Prevention for Sustainable Development: Economic and Policy Issues, The International Bank for Reconstruction and The Word Bank, pp. 11-40.
  • Pelling, M., Özerdem, A. & Barakat, S. (2002). “The Macro-economic Impact of Disasters”, Progress in Development Studies, Vol. 2(4), pp. 283–305.
  • Perrow, C. (2007). The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
  • Persson, T. & Svensson, L. E. O. (1989). “Why a Stubborn Conservative would Run a Deficit: Policy with Time-Inconsistent Preferences”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 104(2), pp. 325-345.
  • Poussin, J. K., Botzen, W. & Aerts, J. (2014). “Factors of Influence on Flood Damage Mitigation Behavior by Households”, Environmental Science and Policy, Vol. 40, pp. 69-77.
  • Praeter, C. & Lindell, M. K. (2000). “Politics of Hazard Mitigation”, Natural Hazards Review, Vol. 1(2), pp. 73-82.
  • Raddatz C. (2007). “Are External Shocks Responsible for the Instability of Output in Low-Income Countries?”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 84(1), pp. 155-187.
  • Raschky, P. A. & Weck-Hannemann, H. (2007). “Charity Hazard: A real Hazard to Natural Disaster Insurance?”, Environmental Hazard, Vol. 7(4), pp. 321-329.
  • Resmi Gazete (1959). Kanun No.7269, Tarih: 15.5.1959 “Umumi Hayata Müessir Afetler Dolayısıyla Alınacak Tedbirlerle Yapılacak Yardımlara Dair Kanun”, Tarih: 25/5/1959, Sayı : 10213.
  • Rogoff, K. (1990). “Equilibrium Political Budget Cycles”, American Economic Review, Vol. 80(1), pp. 21-36.
  • Rothschild, M. & Stiglitz, J. (1976). “Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: An Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 90(4), pp. 629-649.
  • Spence, R. (2004). “Risk and Regulation: Can Improved Government Action Reduce the Impact of Natural Disasters?”, Building Research and Information, Vol. 32(5), pp.391-402.
  • Toya, H. & Skidmore, M. (2007). “Economic Development and the Impacts of Natural Disasters”, Economic Letters, Vol. 94, pp.20-25.
  • Tversky, A. & Shafir, E. (1992). “Choice Under Conflict: The Dynamics of Deferred Decision”, Psychological Science, Vol. 3(6), pp. 358-361.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tülin Altun 0000-0003-2008-0039

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2019
Kabul Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Altun, T. (2019). Doğal Afet Önlemlerinin Politik Ekonomisi. International Journal of Public Finance, 4(1), 75-98. https://doi.org/10.30927/ijpf.585338

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