In this work, a compact thermo-photovoltic system has been designed and analyzed. The novel system uses a certain gas as an emitter of electromagnetic radiation with discrete wavelengths, this feature eliminates one of the most important factors that lower the efficiency of the ordinary solar systems. Moreover, mathematical expressions predicting the overall efficiency were derived. The mathematical expression indicates that the system’s efficiency does not depend on the concentration factor or the solar intensity, However, the only terms that control the efficiency are the absorptivity, the sink reservoir temperature (solar panel temperature) and the source temperature (the absorber temperature). Further, for the purpose of increasing the system’s performance, it was proposed to decrease the sink temperature by connecting the system to cooling fins that extend to reach the frost layer in the underground which offers an invariable temperature along the year. The proposed design can be utilized in open areas where it can be irradiated by the solar flux. In addition to that, it can be used in some industrial furnaces which offer high temperatures that would dramatically increases the systems efficiency reaching the theoretical predictions. As a case study the use of the mercury vapor as an emitter where discussed and an estimate of the system efficiency indicated that it may, theoretically, reach 85%. The costs of such a system is found to be relatively high, but taking into consideration the high efficiency of the system and the utilization of the waste heat in industrial furnaces, the cost of such a system may be justified.
PLandsberg, P. ,and P. thermodynamics of the conversion of radiation energy for photovoltaic. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 22(11): 1911-1926. 1989. The
De Vos, A.1980. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 13(5): 839-846
Kittidachachan,P.2007. Photon collection efficiency of fluorescent solar collectors. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 61(12): 780-786
Brown, A. and M.A. Green. 2002. Impurity photovoltaic effect: Fundamental energy conversion efficiency limits. Journal of Applied Physics, 92(1): 1392
Jalali, B. , S. Fathpour, and K. Tsia. 2009. Green Silicon Photonics. Optics and Photonics News. 20(6):18-23
Semonin, O. 2011. Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell. Science, 334 (6062): 1530-1533.
Harder, N. , and P. Würfel. 2003. Theoretical limits of thermophotovoltaic Semiconductor Science and Technology, 18 (5): S151- S157 energy conversion.
Shockley, W. , and H. Queisser. 1961. Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells, Journal of Applied Physics, 32:510-519.
Wernsman.B, R.R. Siergiej,S.D. Link, R.G. Mahorter, M.N. Palmisiano, R.J. Wehrer,R.W. Schultz, G.P. Schmuck,R.L. Messham, S. Murray; C.S. Murray, F. Newman; D. Taylor, D.M. DePoy, T. Rahmlow .2004. Greater than 20% Radiant Heat Conversion Efficiency of a Thermophotovoltaic Radiator / Module System Using Reflective Spectral Control. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,. 51(3): 512-515.
Lin, S., J. Moreno, and J. Fleming. 2003 "Three- dimensional photonic-crystal emitter for thermal photovoltaic power generation". Applied Physics Letters 83 (2): 380.
Fraas, L., J., Avery, V., Sundaram, V.T., Dinh, T.M, Davenport,. and J.W. Yerkes .1990. Over 35% efficient GaAs/GaSb stacked concentrator cell assemblies for terrestrial Photovoltaic Specialists. pp. 190. IEEE Conference on
Algora, C. and D. Martin. 2003. Modelling And Manufacturing GaSb TPV Converters. Modelling and Manufacturing GaSb TPV. 653: 452.
Charache, G. , J. Egley, , D. M. Depoy, L. R. Danielson, M. J. Freeman, R. J. Dziendziel, J. F. Moynihan, P. F. Baldasaro, et al. 1998. Infrared Materials for Thermophotovoltaic Applications. Journal of Electronic Materials. 27 (9): 1038.
Al-Nimr, M., B. A. Khuwaileh, and M. Alata. 2011. A Novel Integrated Direct Absorption Self- Storage Solar Collector. International Journal of Green Energy 8(6):618-630.
Gaster, L., D.J. Stewart. 1915. Modern illuminants and illuminating engineering. London, New York, Whittaker. 107–111.
Yen, W., S. Shionoya, H. Yamamoto.2006. Practical Applications of Phosphors. CRC Press. 84-85.
Weeks, and M. Elvira.2003. Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing.287.
Bruce,G. , S. Flak, T. Mongan , T. Widner. 1999. Mercury releases from lithium enrichment at the Oakridge Y-12 Plant a reconstruction of historical releases and off-site Doses and health risks – Appendices. reconstruction-the report of the project task. Volume 2A. of the Oakridge dose
Bohn, M.J., M.A. Lundin, M.A. Marciniak, A. Michael .2009. Frequency Domain Fluorimetry Using a Mercury Vapor Lamp. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Volume 3.
Xiaoling H. , X. Ai , X. Jiang , P. Deng , C. Zheng and Y. Lv.2012. UV light-emitting-diode photochemical mercury vapor generation for atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Analyst. 137. 686-690.
Schiler and Marc . 1997. Simplified Design of Building Lighting. 4th Ed.. USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Yau, E. K. F., W.H. Ki, P. K. T. Mok, J. K. O .Sin. 2001. Phase-controlled dimmable CFL with PPFC and switching frequency modulation. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. 951.
PLandsberg, P. ,and P. thermodynamics of the conversion of radiation energy for photovoltaic. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 22(11): 1911-1926. 1989. The
De Vos, A.1980. Detailed balance limit of the efficiency of tandem solar cells. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 13(5): 839-846
Kittidachachan,P.2007. Photon collection efficiency of fluorescent solar collectors. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry, 61(12): 780-786
Brown, A. and M.A. Green. 2002. Impurity photovoltaic effect: Fundamental energy conversion efficiency limits. Journal of Applied Physics, 92(1): 1392
Jalali, B. , S. Fathpour, and K. Tsia. 2009. Green Silicon Photonics. Optics and Photonics News. 20(6):18-23
Semonin, O. 2011. Peak External Photocurrent Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 100% via MEG in a Quantum Dot Solar Cell. Science, 334 (6062): 1530-1533.
Harder, N. , and P. Würfel. 2003. Theoretical limits of thermophotovoltaic Semiconductor Science and Technology, 18 (5): S151- S157 energy conversion.
Shockley, W. , and H. Queisser. 1961. Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells, Journal of Applied Physics, 32:510-519.
Wernsman.B, R.R. Siergiej,S.D. Link, R.G. Mahorter, M.N. Palmisiano, R.J. Wehrer,R.W. Schultz, G.P. Schmuck,R.L. Messham, S. Murray; C.S. Murray, F. Newman; D. Taylor, D.M. DePoy, T. Rahmlow .2004. Greater than 20% Radiant Heat Conversion Efficiency of a Thermophotovoltaic Radiator / Module System Using Reflective Spectral Control. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices,. 51(3): 512-515.
Lin, S., J. Moreno, and J. Fleming. 2003 "Three- dimensional photonic-crystal emitter for thermal photovoltaic power generation". Applied Physics Letters 83 (2): 380.
Fraas, L., J., Avery, V., Sundaram, V.T., Dinh, T.M, Davenport,. and J.W. Yerkes .1990. Over 35% efficient GaAs/GaSb stacked concentrator cell assemblies for terrestrial Photovoltaic Specialists. pp. 190. IEEE Conference on
Algora, C. and D. Martin. 2003. Modelling And Manufacturing GaSb TPV Converters. Modelling and Manufacturing GaSb TPV. 653: 452.
Charache, G. , J. Egley, , D. M. Depoy, L. R. Danielson, M. J. Freeman, R. J. Dziendziel, J. F. Moynihan, P. F. Baldasaro, et al. 1998. Infrared Materials for Thermophotovoltaic Applications. Journal of Electronic Materials. 27 (9): 1038.
Al-Nimr, M., B. A. Khuwaileh, and M. Alata. 2011. A Novel Integrated Direct Absorption Self- Storage Solar Collector. International Journal of Green Energy 8(6):618-630.
Gaster, L., D.J. Stewart. 1915. Modern illuminants and illuminating engineering. London, New York, Whittaker. 107–111.
Yen, W., S. Shionoya, H. Yamamoto.2006. Practical Applications of Phosphors. CRC Press. 84-85.
Weeks, and M. Elvira.2003. Discovery of the Elements: Third Edition (reprint). Kessinger Publishing.287.
Bruce,G. , S. Flak, T. Mongan , T. Widner. 1999. Mercury releases from lithium enrichment at the Oakridge Y-12 Plant a reconstruction of historical releases and off-site Doses and health risks – Appendices. reconstruction-the report of the project task. Volume 2A. of the Oakridge dose
Bohn, M.J., M.A. Lundin, M.A. Marciniak, A. Michael .2009. Frequency Domain Fluorimetry Using a Mercury Vapor Lamp. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, Volume 3.
Xiaoling H. , X. Ai , X. Jiang , P. Deng , C. Zheng and Y. Lv.2012. UV light-emitting-diode photochemical mercury vapor generation for atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Analyst. 137. 686-690.
Schiler and Marc . 1997. Simplified Design of Building Lighting. 4th Ed.. USA: John Wiley and Sons.
Yau, E. K. F., W.H. Ki, P. K. T. Mok, J. K. O .Sin. 2001. Phase-controlled dimmable CFL with PPFC and switching frequency modulation. 2001 IEEE 32nd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. 951.
Khuwaileh, B. A., & Al-nimr, M. A. (2014). An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 4(2), 261-266.
AMA
Khuwaileh BA, Al-nimr MA. An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. Haziran 2014;4(2):261-266.
Chicago
Khuwaileh, Bassam Abdullah, ve Moh'd A. Al-nimr. “An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4, sy. 2 (Haziran 2014): 261-66.
EndNote
Khuwaileh BA, Al-nimr MA (01 Haziran 2014) An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4 2 261–266.
IEEE
B. A. Khuwaileh ve M. A. Al-nimr, “An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 261–266, 2014.
ISNAD
Khuwaileh, Bassam Abdullah - Al-nimr, Moh'd A. “An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 4/2 (Haziran 2014), 261-266.
JAMA
Khuwaileh BA, Al-nimr MA. An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2014;4:261–266.
MLA
Khuwaileh, Bassam Abdullah ve Moh'd A. Al-nimr. “An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, c. 4, sy. 2, 2014, ss. 261-6.
Vancouver
Khuwaileh BA, Al-nimr MA. An Ultra Compact High Efficiency Thermo-Photovoltaic System for Electricity Generation. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2014;4(2):261-6.