Challenges of Grid Integration of Wind Power on Power System Grid Integrity: A Review

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 618 - 626, 01.12.2012

Temitope Raphael Ayodele Adiasa Jimoh Josial L Munda Agee J Tehile

Öz

Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs) exhibit variability in their output power as a result of change in their prime movers (wind speed).This introduces a new factor of uncertainty on the grid and poses a lot of challenges to the power system planners and the utility operators in terms of the power system grid integrity i.e. power system security, power system stability and power quality. This paper discusses the various challenges of wind power when integrated into the grid and identifies different mitigating strategies for its smooth integration. This paper therefore enables the specifications for mitigation/integration technologies to be appreciated and quantified.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Challenges; Intermittency; Grid Integration; Wind Power; Wind Energy Conversion System

Kaynakça

• Z. O. Olaofe and K. A. Folly, "Statistical Analysis of Wind Resources at Darling for Energy Production," International Journal of Renewable energy Research, vol. , no 2, pp. 250-261, 2012.
• G. M. J. Herbert, S. Iniyan, E. Sreevalsan, and S. Rajapandian, "A Review of Wind Energy Technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 11, pp. 1145, 2007.
• M. A. El-Sayed, "Integrating Wind Energy into Weak Power Grid Using Fuzzy Controlled TSC Compensator," in International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ,2010), Granada, Spain, 2010.
• I. El-Amin, J. Bakhashwain, and M. Abido, "Power System Stability in the Deregulated Environment," 15th GCC-CIGRE Symposium, Abu-Dhabi, UAE., 2006, pp. 152.
• H. Outhred, S. R. Bull, and S. Kelly, "Meeting the Challenges of Integrating Renewable Energy into Competitive http://www.reilproject.org/documents/GridIntegrationFin al.pdf Accessed 28th October 2009. Industries,"
• P. Gipe, "Grid integration of wind energy," in http//www.wind- works.org/articles/GridIntergrationofWind Energy.html, P. S. Georgilakis, "Technical Challenges Associated with The Integration of Wind Power into Power Systems," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 12, pp. 863, 2008.
• D. Weisser and R. S. Garcia, "Instantaneous Wind Penetration in Isolated Electricity Grids:Concepts and Review," Renewable Energy vol. 30, pp. 1299-1308,
• J. C. Smith, E. A. DeMeo, B. Parsons, and M. Milligan, "Wind Power Impacts on Electric Power System Operating Costs: Summary and Perspective on Work to Date," American Wind Energy Association Global WindPower Conference Chicago, Illinois, 2004.
• B. W. Kennedy, "Integrating wind power: Transmission and operational impacts," Refocus, vol. 5, pp. 36-37, 2004/2// 2004.
• R. Pacudan, "The Challenge of Renewable Energies Intergration in Energy Distribution Systems," Science Forum of the Renewable, pp. 51-54, 2004.
• A. S. Chuang and C. Schwaegerl, "Ancillary services for renewable integration," Integration of Wide- Scale Renewable Resources Into the Power Delivery System, 2009 CIGRE/IEEE PES Joint Symposium, 2009, pp. 1-1.
• R. Billinton and Bagen, "Reliability Consideration in Utilization of Wind Energy, Solar Energy and Energy Storage in Electric Power Systems," 9th International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, KTH,Stockhlm, Sweeden, 2006, pp. 1-6.
• R. Billinton and D. Huang, "Wind Power Modelling and determination of Capacity Credit in an Electric Power System," Proceeding of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability, vol. 224, pp. 1-9, 2010.
• M. F. Conlon and W. Carr, "Generation adequacy assessment incorporating wind energy capacity," 39th International Conference, (UPEC 2004). , Bristol, UK, 2004, pp. 1018 vol. 2. Power Engineering
• R. Billinton and G. Bai, "Generating Capacity Adequacy Associated with Wind Energy," IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, pp. 641-646, R. Billinton and Y. Gao, "Multi State Energy Conversion System Models for Adequacy Assessment of Generating Systems Incorporating Wind Energy," IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 23, pp. 163-170, R. Billinton, Y. Gao, and R. Karki, "Composite System Adequacy Assessment Incorporating Large - Scale Wind Energy Conversion Systems Consisting Wind Speed Correlation," IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 24, pp. 1375-1382, 2009.
• C. Ensslin, M. Milligan, H. Holttinen, M. O'Malley, and A. Keane, "Current methods to calculate capacity credit of wind power, IEA collaboration," Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008 IEEE, 2008, pp. 1-3.
• Y. Gao and R. Billinton, "Adequacy Assessment of Generating Systems Containing Wind Power Considering Wind Speed Correlation," IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 3, pp. 217-226, 2009.
• C. Veganzones, S. Martinez, and F. Blazquez, "Large Scale Integration of Wind Energy into Power Systems," Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, Magazine. vol. 1 Spain, 2005, pp. 15-22.
• J. A. P. Lopes, N. Hatziargyrious, J. Mutale, P.Djapic, and N. Jenkins, "Intergrating Distributed Generation into Electric Power Systems:A reviw of Drivers,Challenges and Opportunities," Electric Power System Research, vol. 77, pp. 1187-1203, 2007. R. Renewables," http:/w.bwea.com/pdf/RAEInternational.pdf, 2005.
• Wikipedia, "Intermittent Energy Sources." vol. , 2009.
• M. H. J. Boolen, "What is Power Quality?," Electric Power and Energy Systems Research, vol. 66, pp. 5-14, M. Patsalides, A. Stavrou, G. Makrides, V. Efthimiou, and G. E. Georghiou, "Harmonic Response of Distributed Grid Connected PhotoVotaic Systems," http:/www.pvtechnology.ucy.ac/pvtechnology/publicatio n/DEMSEE08_pq.paper.pdf, 2008.
• EURAMET, "Metrology for Smart Electrical Grids," European Association of National Metrology Institute 2009.
• T. Ackermann and L. SoEder, "Wind Energy Technology and Current Status: a Review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 4, pp. 315-374, P. Sorensen, N. A. Cutululis, T. Lund, A. D. Hansen, T. Sorensen, J. Hjerrild, M. H. Donovan, L. Christensen, and H. K. Nielsen, "Power Quality Issues on Wind Power Installations in Denmark," IEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2007. , 2007, pp. 6.
• R. Jacobson and B. Gregory, "Wind Power Quality Test for Comparison of Power Quality Standards," Windpower 99, Burlington, Vermont, 1999, pp. 1-11.
• NETL, "Provides Power Quality for 21st Century Needs," Apendix A4, NETL, Ed. USA: Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, 2007.
• C. Kocatepe, A.Inan, O. Arikan, R. Yumurtaci, B.Kekezoglu, M. Baysal, A. Bozkurt, and Y. Akkaya, "Power Quality Assessment of Grid-Connected Wind Farms Considering Regulation in Turkey," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 13, pp. 2553-2561,
• E. Ghiani, F. Pilo, G. G. Soma, and G. Celli, "Power Quality Measurements Performed on a Large Wind Park at Low an Medium Voltage Level," International Conference on Power Systems Transient, Lyon, France, D. Dragomir, N. Golovanov, and P. Postolache, "Overview on the Grid Code Requirements Related to the Connection of Wind Power Plants," 2nd International Comference on Modern Power System MPS. , CLUJ- NAPOCA, Romania, 2008.
• H. Emanuel, M. Schellschmidt, S. Wachtel, and S. Adloff, "Power quality measurements of wind energy converters with full-scale converter according to IEC 21," 10th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, 2009. EPQU 2009. , 2009, pp. 1-7.
• N. Golovanov, G. C. Lazaroiu, M. Roscia, and D. Zaninelli, "Integrating RES into the Romanian transport system," IEEE PowerTech Bucharest, 2009, pp. 1-6.
• C. D. Dumitru and A. Gligor, "Power Quality Analysis of a System Based on Renewable Energy Supplying International Conference on Modern Power System MPS, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 2008, pp. 224-226. nd
• N. Jenkins, "Battery Storage for Power Quality Improvement," http:/www.eee.manchester.ac.uk, 2002. Report of EPSRC:
• H. Fechner, R. Brundlinger, and B. Bletterie, "Power Quality and Safety Aspects for Grid Connection of Photovoltaic System," Arsenal Research,Vienna, 1998.
• V. B. Nunez, J. M. Frigola, and S. H. Jaramillo, "A Survey on Voltage Dip Events in Power Systems," International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ,2008), Santander, 2008.
• S. Seman, " Transient Performance Analysis of Wind-Power Induction Generators," Laboratory of Electromechanics, Communications Engineering,. vol. Phd Helsinki: Helsinki University of Technology, 2006, p. 60. and
• J. Matevosyan, T. Ackermann, S. Bolik, and L. Sder, "Comparison of international regulations for connection of wind turbines to the network," Nordic wind power conference, Goteborg, 2004.
• P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control,The EPRI Power System Engineering Series vol. 1: McGraw- Hill,Inc, New York, 1994.
• I. Norheim, E. Lindgren, S. Uski, P. Sİrensen, and C. Jauch, "Work Package 5 (WP5), the EU Supported Project Wind Power Integration in Liberalized Electricity Markets (WILMAR)." SINTEF, KTH,VTT,Risİ 2005.
• B. Venkatesh, R. Alex, and L. C., "Dynamic Voltage Collapse Index -Wind Generator Application," IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 22, 2007.
• H. Li and Z. Chen, "Transient Stability Analysis of Wind Turbines with Induction Generators Considering Blades and Shaft Flexibility," IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 2007. IECON 2007. 33rd
• Annual Conference of the 2007, pp. 1604-1609.
• T. Miki, D. Okitsu, E. Takashima, Y. Abe, and M. Tano, "Power system transient stability assessment using critical fault clearing time functions," IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition : Asia Pacific. , 2002, pp. 1514-1517 vol.3.
• E. Muljadi, T. B. Nguyen, and M. A. Pai, "Transient stability of the grid with a wind power plant," Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009. PSCE '09. IEEE/PES, 2009, pp. 1-7.
• M. Molinas, J. A. Suul, and T. Undeland, "Wind farms with increased transient stability margin provided by a STATCOM," CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2006. IPEMC 2006. , 2006, pp. 1-7.
• A. Gonza´lez, E. McKeogh, and B. O. Gallachoir, "The role of hydrogen in high wind energy penetration electricity systems: The Irish case," Renewable Energy, vol. 29, pp. 471-489, 2003.
• H. Holttinen, "A Multi-Turbine Power Curve Approach," Nordic Wind Power Conference NWPC,04, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2004.
• T. J. Hammons, "Integrating Renewable Energy Sources into European Grids," Electric Power and Energy Systems vol. 30, pp. 462-475, 2008.
• M. Olofsson, "Power Quality and EMC in Smart Grid," 10th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, 2009. EPQU 2009. , 2009, pp. 1
• A. Battaglini, J. Lilliestam, C. Bals, and A. Haas, "The SuperSmart Grid," European Climate Forum (ECF), Postdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, 2008.