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Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 4, 245 - 251, 01.12.2011

Öz

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was applied in order to observe the apparent characteristics of glycerol-ester emulsions in transesterification with methanol, ethanol, and mixtures of methanol/ethanol in the present study. The CLSM operated with an XY mode using a laser combiner, which featured a red helium-neon (543 nm) and Nile blue A that was used as dye. The confocal images show significant differences involved in the distribution of glycerol in ester obtained from different alcohol systems. In the case of methanolysis, drops of glycerol clearly separated from fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), which made phase separation easier between glycerol and FAME. In ethanolysis, an unclear formation of glycerol drops in fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) was visualized. When the amount of ethanol in mixtures of methanol/ethanol increased, the shape of glycerol drops became unstable. This resulted in a flock of glycerol being dispersed in ester, which made phase separation difficult. The confocal images strongly support the notion that alcohol type is a crucial factor in the formation of glycerol drops in ester, which can affect phase separation between glycerol and ester in biodiesel production.

Kaynakça

  • M. Černoch, M. Hajek, F. Skopal, “Ethanolysis of rapeseed oil – Distribution of ethyl esters, glycerides and glycerol between ester and glycerol phases”, Bioresour Technology, 2010, Vol. 101, pp. 2071–2075.
  • L.C. Meher, D.V. Sagar, S.N. Naik, “Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006, Vol. 10, pp. 248–268.
  • Thailand energy statistics, Department of alternative energy development end efficiency, Ministry of energy, Thailand, 2009.
  • H. Joshi, B.R. Moser, J. Toler, T. Walker, “Preparation and fuel properties of mixtures of soybean oil methyl and ethyl esters”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2010, Vol 34, pp. 14-20.
  • J.M. Enciner, J.F. González, A.R. Reinares, “Ethanolysis of characterization”, Fuel Processing Technology, 2007, Vol. 88., pp. 513–522. Biodiesel preparation and
  • T. Issariyakul, M.G. Kulkarni, A.K. Dalai, N.N.Bakhshi, “Production of biodiesel from waste fryer grease using mixed methanol/ethanol system”, Fuel Processing Technology, 2007, Vol. 88, pp. 429-43.
  • S.M.P. Meneghetti, M.R. Meneghetti, C.R. Wolf, E.C. Silva, G.E.S. Lima, M.A. Coimbra, J.I. Soletti, S.H.V. Carvalho, “Ethanolysis of Castor and Cottonseed Oil: A Systematic Study Using Classical Catalysts”, JAOCS, 2006, Vol. 83, No. 9, pp. 819–822.
  • K. Suppalakpanya, S. Ratanawilai, C. Tongurai, “Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth”, Applied Energy, 2010, Vol. 87, pp. 2356–2359.
  • W. Zhou, S.K. Konar, D.G.B. Boocock, “Ethyl esters from the single-phase base-catalyzedethanolysis of vegetable oils”, JAOCS, 2003, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 367– 371.
  • J.B. Pawley. Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 3rd ed. Berlin, Springer. 2006, pp. 59-62.
  • S.S. Adav, D. Lee, K. Show, J.Tay, “Aerobic granular sludge: Recent advances”, Biotechnology Advance, 2008, Vol. 26, pp. 411-423.
  • D.J. Jung, A. Ahmad, M. Follo, B. Spitzmüller, W. Hannig, M. Hannig, C.Hannig, “Visualization of initial bacterial colonization on dentine and enamel in situ”, Journal of Microbiology Methods, 2010, Vol. 81, pp. 166–174.
  • A. Sole, J. Mas, I. Esteve, “A new method based on image analysis for determining cyanobacterial biomass by Ultramicroscopy, 2007, Vol. 107, pp. 669–673. benthic sediments”,
  • K. Takuo, N. Shinya, M. Kohji, “Intracellular analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CLSM after ultrasonic treatments”, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine, 2005, Vol. 1, pp. 159–163.
  • E.J. Lynch, F.D. Bello, E.M. Sheehan, K.D. Cashman, E.K. Arendt, “Fundamental studies on the reduction of salt on dough and bread characteristics”, Food Research International, 2009, Vol. 42, pp. 885–891.
  • M.B. Dürrenberger, S. Handschin, B.C. Petit, F. Escher, “Visualization of food structure by confocal laser scanning Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 2001, Vol. 34, pp. 11-17. (CLSM)”, Lebensmittel
  • R. Lutz , A. Aserin , Y. Portnoy , M. Gottlieb , N. Garti, “On the confocal images and the rheology of whey protein isolated and modified pectins associated complex”, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2009, Vol. 69, pp. 43–50.
  • Y.C. Juang, D.J. Lee, J.Y. Lai, “Fouling layer on hollow-fibre membrane in aerobic granule membrane bioreactor”, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2008, Vol. 39, pp. 657–661.
  • F.Y. Sun, X.M. Wang, X.Y. Li, “Visualisation and characterisation of biopolymer clusters in a submerged membrane bioreactor”, Journal of Membrane Science, 2008, Vol. 325, No. 2, ppt.691–697.
  • V. Martinet, C. Valentini, J. Casalinho, C. Schorsch, S. Vaslin, J.L. Courthaudon, “Composition of interfacial layers in complex food emulsions before and after aeration: effect of egg to milk protein ratio”, Journal of Dairy Science, 2005, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 30–39.
  • A. Yusoff, B.S. Murray “Modified starch granules as particle-stabilizers of oil-in-water emulsions”, Food Hydrocolloids, 2011, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 42–55.
  • B.S. Murray, K. Durga, A. Yusoff, S.D. Stoyanov, “Stabilization of foams and emulsions by mixtures of surface active food-grade particles and proteins”, Food Hydrocolloids , 2011, Vol. 25, No.4, pp. 627-638.
  • A. Romero, F. Cordobés, M.C. Puppo, A. Guerrero, C. Bengoechea, “Rheology and droplet size distribution of emulsions stabilized by crayfish flour”, Food Hydrocolloids, 2008, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1033–1043.
  • R.J. Mikula, V.A. Munoz, “Characterization of emulsions and suspensions in the petroleum industry using cryo-SEM and CLSM”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2000, Vol. 174, pp. 23–36.
  • J.V. Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements, G. Knothe, Biodiesel production technology. National Midwest Laboratory, 1st ed., 2004, pp. 30-34. Renewable Energy
  • M. Černoch, M. Hajek, F. Skopal, “Study of effects of some reaction conditions on ethanolysis of rapeseed oil with dispergation”, Bioresour Technology, 2010, Vol. 101, pp. 1213–1219.
Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 4, 245 - 251, 01.12.2011

Öz

Kaynakça

  • M. Černoch, M. Hajek, F. Skopal, “Ethanolysis of rapeseed oil – Distribution of ethyl esters, glycerides and glycerol between ester and glycerol phases”, Bioresour Technology, 2010, Vol. 101, pp. 2071–2075.
  • L.C. Meher, D.V. Sagar, S.N. Naik, “Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification-a review”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2006, Vol. 10, pp. 248–268.
  • Thailand energy statistics, Department of alternative energy development end efficiency, Ministry of energy, Thailand, 2009.
  • H. Joshi, B.R. Moser, J. Toler, T. Walker, “Preparation and fuel properties of mixtures of soybean oil methyl and ethyl esters”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2010, Vol 34, pp. 14-20.
  • J.M. Enciner, J.F. González, A.R. Reinares, “Ethanolysis of characterization”, Fuel Processing Technology, 2007, Vol. 88., pp. 513–522. Biodiesel preparation and
  • T. Issariyakul, M.G. Kulkarni, A.K. Dalai, N.N.Bakhshi, “Production of biodiesel from waste fryer grease using mixed methanol/ethanol system”, Fuel Processing Technology, 2007, Vol. 88, pp. 429-43.
  • S.M.P. Meneghetti, M.R. Meneghetti, C.R. Wolf, E.C. Silva, G.E.S. Lima, M.A. Coimbra, J.I. Soletti, S.H.V. Carvalho, “Ethanolysis of Castor and Cottonseed Oil: A Systematic Study Using Classical Catalysts”, JAOCS, 2006, Vol. 83, No. 9, pp. 819–822.
  • K. Suppalakpanya, S. Ratanawilai, C. Tongurai, “Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth”, Applied Energy, 2010, Vol. 87, pp. 2356–2359.
  • W. Zhou, S.K. Konar, D.G.B. Boocock, “Ethyl esters from the single-phase base-catalyzedethanolysis of vegetable oils”, JAOCS, 2003, Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 367– 371.
  • J.B. Pawley. Handbook of biological confocal microscopy, 3rd ed. Berlin, Springer. 2006, pp. 59-62.
  • S.S. Adav, D. Lee, K. Show, J.Tay, “Aerobic granular sludge: Recent advances”, Biotechnology Advance, 2008, Vol. 26, pp. 411-423.
  • D.J. Jung, A. Ahmad, M. Follo, B. Spitzmüller, W. Hannig, M. Hannig, C.Hannig, “Visualization of initial bacterial colonization on dentine and enamel in situ”, Journal of Microbiology Methods, 2010, Vol. 81, pp. 166–174.
  • A. Sole, J. Mas, I. Esteve, “A new method based on image analysis for determining cyanobacterial biomass by Ultramicroscopy, 2007, Vol. 107, pp. 669–673. benthic sediments”,
  • K. Takuo, N. Shinya, M. Kohji, “Intracellular analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CLSM after ultrasonic treatments”, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology Biology and Medicine, 2005, Vol. 1, pp. 159–163.
  • E.J. Lynch, F.D. Bello, E.M. Sheehan, K.D. Cashman, E.K. Arendt, “Fundamental studies on the reduction of salt on dough and bread characteristics”, Food Research International, 2009, Vol. 42, pp. 885–891.
  • M.B. Dürrenberger, S. Handschin, B.C. Petit, F. Escher, “Visualization of food structure by confocal laser scanning Wissenschaft und-Technologie, 2001, Vol. 34, pp. 11-17. (CLSM)”, Lebensmittel
  • R. Lutz , A. Aserin , Y. Portnoy , M. Gottlieb , N. Garti, “On the confocal images and the rheology of whey protein isolated and modified pectins associated complex”, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2009, Vol. 69, pp. 43–50.
  • Y.C. Juang, D.J. Lee, J.Y. Lai, “Fouling layer on hollow-fibre membrane in aerobic granule membrane bioreactor”, Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2008, Vol. 39, pp. 657–661.
  • F.Y. Sun, X.M. Wang, X.Y. Li, “Visualisation and characterisation of biopolymer clusters in a submerged membrane bioreactor”, Journal of Membrane Science, 2008, Vol. 325, No. 2, ppt.691–697.
  • V. Martinet, C. Valentini, J. Casalinho, C. Schorsch, S. Vaslin, J.L. Courthaudon, “Composition of interfacial layers in complex food emulsions before and after aeration: effect of egg to milk protein ratio”, Journal of Dairy Science, 2005, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 30–39.
  • A. Yusoff, B.S. Murray “Modified starch granules as particle-stabilizers of oil-in-water emulsions”, Food Hydrocolloids, 2011, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 42–55.
  • B.S. Murray, K. Durga, A. Yusoff, S.D. Stoyanov, “Stabilization of foams and emulsions by mixtures of surface active food-grade particles and proteins”, Food Hydrocolloids , 2011, Vol. 25, No.4, pp. 627-638.
  • A. Romero, F. Cordobés, M.C. Puppo, A. Guerrero, C. Bengoechea, “Rheology and droplet size distribution of emulsions stabilized by crayfish flour”, Food Hydrocolloids, 2008, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1033–1043.
  • R.J. Mikula, V.A. Munoz, “Characterization of emulsions and suspensions in the petroleum industry using cryo-SEM and CLSM”, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2000, Vol. 174, pp. 23–36.
  • J.V. Gerpen, B. Shanks, R. Pruszko, D. Clements, G. Knothe, Biodiesel production technology. National Midwest Laboratory, 1st ed., 2004, pp. 30-34. Renewable Energy
  • M. Černoch, M. Hajek, F. Skopal, “Study of effects of some reaction conditions on ethanolysis of rapeseed oil with dispergation”, Bioresour Technology, 2010, Vol. 101, pp. 1213–1219.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Ruamporn Nikhom Bu kişi benim

Suratsawadee Kungsanant Bu kişi benim

Sukritthira Ratanawilai Bu kişi benim

Pornpot Nuthong Bu kişi benim

Chakrit Tongurai Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Nikhom, R., Kungsanant, S., Ratanawilai, S., Nuthong, P., vd. (2011). Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, 1(4), 245-251.
AMA Nikhom R, Kungsanant S, Ratanawilai S, Nuthong P, Tongurai C. Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. Aralık 2011;1(4):245-251.
Chicago Nikhom, Ruamporn, Suratsawadee Kungsanant, Sukritthira Ratanawilai, Pornpot Nuthong, ve Chakrit Tongurai. “Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification With Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 1, sy. 4 (Aralık 2011): 245-51.
EndNote Nikhom R, Kungsanant S, Ratanawilai S, Nuthong P, Tongurai C (01 Aralık 2011) Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 1 4 245–251.
IEEE R. Nikhom, S. Kungsanant, S. Ratanawilai, P. Nuthong, ve C. Tongurai, “Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique”, International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, c. 1, sy. 4, ss. 245–251, 2011.
ISNAD Nikhom, Ruamporn vd. “Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification With Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research 1/4 (Aralık 2011), 245-251.
JAMA Nikhom R, Kungsanant S, Ratanawilai S, Nuthong P, Tongurai C. Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2011;1:245–251.
MLA Nikhom, Ruamporn vd. “Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification With Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique”. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research, c. 1, sy. 4, 2011, ss. 245-51.
Vancouver Nikhom R, Kungsanant S, Ratanawilai S, Nuthong P, Tongurai C. Characterization of Glycerol-Ester Emulsions from Transesterification with Different Alcohols Using the CLSM Technique. International Journal Of Renewable Energy Research. 2011;1(4):245-51.