PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG FEMALE EMERGING ADULTS AS A FUNCTION OF PARENTAL AUTONOMY SUPPORT

Öz

The current study examined female emerging adult well-being as a function of parental autonomy support in Turkey. The conceptualization of well-being included measures of vitality, stress, depression, and anxiety, while autonomy support was measured for both mothers and fathers. A nonrandom convenience sampling method was used and generated a sample of 140 participants. Analyses included multiple regression and t-tests. Significance was set at p = .05, and corresponding effect sizes were reported. Results of quantitative analyses indicated that parental autonomy support predicted well-being across all components. Father autonomy support exhibited a negative relationship with outcome measures, with mother autonomy support relating positively. The findings of the current study are contextualized within Turkish family culture, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Parental autonomy support
• emerging adulthood
• well-being

Kaynakça

1. Akın, A., Satici, S. A., Arslan, S., Akın, Ü., & Kayıs, A. R. (2012, Febru-ary). The Validity and the Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Subjective Vital-ity Scale (SVS). Paper presented at the 4rd World Conference on Educational Sci-ences, February, 2-5, Barcelona, Spain.
2. Aquilino, W. S., & Supple, A. J. (2001). Long-term effects of parenting practices during adolescence on well-being outcomes in young adulthood. Journal of Family Issues, 22(3), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251301022003002
3. Bilgel, N. &, Bayram, N. (2010). Turkish version of the Depression Anxie-ty Stress Scale (DASS- 42): Psychometric Properties. Archives of Neuropsychiatry 47, 118-126. DOI: 10.4274/npa.5344
4. Bronte-Tinkew, J., Carrano, J., Horowitz, A., & Kinukawa, A. (2008). In-volvement among resident fathers and links to infant cognitive outcomes. Journal of Family Issues, 29(9), 1211–1244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08318145
5. Chirkov, V. I., and Ryan, R. M. (2001). Parent and teacher autonomy-support in Russian and U.S. adolescents: common effects on well-being and aca-demic motivation. J. Cross Cult. Psychol. 32, 618–635. doi: 10.1177/0022022101032005006
6. Chirkov, V., Ryan, R. M., Kim, Y., & Kaplan, U. (2003). Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory per-spective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being. Journal of Per-sonality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.97
7. Cho, J., Ha, J. H., & Jue, J. (2020). Influences of the differences between mothers' and children's perceptions of parenting styles. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 552585. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.552585
8. Cihangir-Çankaya, Z. (2009). Autonomy support, basic psychological need satisfaction and subjective well-being: Self-determination theory [Özerklik desteği, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların doyumu ve öznel iyi olma: Öz belirleme kuramı]. Turk-ish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(31), 23–31.

9. Coban, A. (2013). Investigation of Turkish adolescents' emotional autono-my in terms of some demographic variables. Eğitim ve Bilim, 38. 357-371.
10. Corwyn, R.F, & Bradley, R.H. (2016). Fathers' autonomy support and so-cial competence of sons and daughters. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 62(4), 359-387. doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.4.0359
11. Costa, S., Cuzzocrea, F., Gugliandolo, M. C., & Larcan, R. (2016). Associa-tions between parental psychological control and autonomy support, and psycho-logical outcomes in adolescents: The mediating role of need satisfaction and need frustration. Child Indicators Research, 9(4), 1059–1076. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-015-9353-z
12. Demir, M., Özdemir, M., and Marum, K. P. (2011). Perceived autonomy support, friendship maintenance, and happiness. The Journal of Psychology, 145(6), 537–571. doi: 10.1080/00223980.2011.607866
13. Downie, M., Chua, S. N., Koestner, R., Barrios, M.F., Rip, B., & M'Birkou, S. (2007). The relations of parental autonomy support to cultural internalization and well-being of immigrants and sojourners. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(3), 241–249.
14. Easterbrooks, M., & Goldberg, W. (1984). Toddler Development in the Family: Impact of Father Involvement and Parenting Characteristics. Child Devel-opment, 55(3), 740-752. doi:10.2307/1130126
15. Ferguson, Y. L., Kasser, T., & Jahng, S. (2011). Differences in life satisfac-tion and school satisfaction among adolescents from three nations: The role of per-ceived autonomy support. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 649–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00698.x
16. Fousiani, K., van Petegem, S., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Chen, B. (2014). Does parental autonomy support relate to adolescent autonomy? An in-depth examination of a seemingly simple question. Journal of Adolescent Research, 29(3), 299–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558413502536
17. Goodman, F. R., Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., & Kauffman, S. B. (2018). Measuring well-being: A comparison of subjective well-being and PER-MA. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(4), 321-332.
18. Gözü, H. (2019). Parenting Patterns in Turkey: The associations with Aca-demic Achievement and Self-Esteem. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 15(2), 132-141. doi: 10.17244/eku.491656
19. Grolnick, W. S. (2009). The role of parents in facilitating autonomous self-regulation for education. Theory and Research in Education, 7, 164-173.
20. Inguglia, C., Ingoglia, S., Liga, F., lo Coco, A., & lo Cricchio, M. G. (2015). Autonomy and relatedness in adolescence and emerging adulthood: Rela-tionships with parental support and psychological distress. Journal of Adult Devel-opment, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-014-9196-8
21. Jiang, Y. H., Yau, J., Bonner, P., & Chiang, L. (2011). The role of per-ceived parental autonomy support in academic achievement of Asian and Latino American adolescents. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 9(2), 497–522. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v9i24.1446
22. Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Lekes, N., & Landry, R. (2005). A longitudi-nal study of the relationship of maternal autonomy support to children’s adjustment and achievement in school. Journal of Personality, 73(5), 1215–1236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00347.x
23. Kagitcibasi, C., & Ataca, B. (2005). Value of children and family change: A three-decade portrait from Turkey. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(3), 317–137.
24. Kagitcibasi, C., Ataca, B., & Diri, A. (2005). The Turkish family and value of children: Trends over time. In G. Trommsdorff & B. Nauck (Eds.), The value of children in cross-cultural perspective (pp. 91–120). Berlin: Pabst Science.
25. Kındap-Tepe, Y., Aktaş, V. The mediating role of needs satisfaction for prosocial behavior and autonomy support. Current Psychology (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00466-9
26. Kins, E., Beyers, W., Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Patterns of home leaving and subjective well-being in emerging adulthood: The role of motiva-tional processes and parental autonomy support. Developmental Psychology, 45(5), 1416–1429. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015580
27. Kocayörük, E. (2012a). The adaptation of perception of parent scale (POPS) into the Turkish culture. International Journal of Educational Research-ers, 3(2), 1-9.
28. Kocayörük, E. (2012b). The perception of parents and well-being of ado-lescents: Link with basic psychological need satisfaction. Social and Behavioral Science, 46, 3624–3628.
29. Kocayörük, E. (2012c). Self-determination theory and relationship between perception of parents and emotional well-being of adolescents. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(37), 24–37.
30. Kurt, U., & Taş, Y. (2018). The relationships between parental involve-ment, students’ basic psychological needs and students’ engagement in science: A path analysis. Journal of Education in Science, Environment and Health, 183–192. https://doi.org/10.21891/jeseh.436730
31. Lekes, N., Gingras, I., Philippe, F. L., Koestner, R., and Fang, J. (2010). Parental autonomy-support, intrinsic life goals, and well-being among adolescents in China and North America. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 858–869. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9451-7
32. Liga, F., Ingoglia, S., Inguglia, C., lo Coco, A., lo Cricchio, M. G., Musso, P., Cheah, C., Rose, L., & Gutow, M. R. (2017). Associations among psychologi-cally controlling parenting, autonomy, relatedness, and problem behaviors during emerging adulthood. The Journal of Psychology, 151(4), 393–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2017.1305323
33. Mageau, G. A., Ranger, F., Joussemet, M., Koestner, R., Moreau, E., & Forest, J. (2015). Validation of the Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale (P-PASS). Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 47(3), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039325
34. McCurdy, A. L., Williams, K. N., Lee, G. Y., Benito‐Gomez, M., & Fletch-er, A. C. (2020). Measurement of parental autonomy support: A review of theoreti-cal concerns and developmental considerations. Journal of Family Theory & Re-view, 12(3), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12389
35. Meuwissen, A. S., & Carlson, S. M. (2015). Fathers matter: The role of fa-ther parenting in preschoolers' executive function development. Journal of experi-mental child psychology, 140, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2015.06.010
36. Palut, B. (2009). A review on parenting in the Mediterranean countries. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 33(2), 242–247.
37. Perneger, T. V., Hudelson, P. M., & Bovier, P. A. (2004). Health and hap-piness in young Swiss adults. Quality of Life Research, 13(1), 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:qure.0000015314.97546.60
38. Rollè, L., Gullotta, G., Trombetta, T., Curti, L., Gerino, E., Brustia, P., & Caldarera, A. M. (2019). Father Involvement and Cognitive Development in Early and Middle Childhood: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2405. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02405
39. Roth, G. (2008). Perceived parental conditional regard and autonomy sup-port as predictors of young adults’ self- versus other-oriented prosocial tendencies. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 513–534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00494.x
40. Roth, G., Assor, A., Niemiec, C. P., Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2009). The emotional and academic consequences of parental conditional regard: Comparing conditional positive regard, conditional negative regard, and autonomy support as parenting practices. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 1119–1142. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015272
41. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facili-tation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psy-chologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68
42. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). A self-determination theory approach to psychotherapy: The motivational basis for effective change. Canadian Psycholo-gy/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012753
43. Ryan, R. M., & Lynch, J. H. (1989). Emotional autonomy versus detach-ment: Revisiting the vicissitudes of adolescence and young adulthood. Child Devel-opment, 60(2), 340–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130981
44. Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2016). Autonomy and au-tonomy disturbances in self-development and psychopathology: Research on moti-vation, attachment, and clinical process. In D. Cicchetti (Ed.), Developmental psy-chopathology: Theory and method (pp. 385–438). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy109
45. Shek, D. T., Dou, D., Zhu, X., & Chai, W. (2019). Positive youth devel-opment: Current perspectives. Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics, 10, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.2147/AHMT.S179946
46. Sher-Censor, E., Parke, R. D., & Coltrane, S. (2011). Parents’ promotion of psychological autonomy, psychological control, and Mexican–American adoles-cents’ adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(5), 620–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9552-3
47. Silk, J. S., Morris, A. S., Kanaya, T., & Steinberg, L. (2003). Psychological control and autonomy granting: Opposite ends of a continuum or distinct con-structs? Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13(1), 113–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/1532-7795.1301004
48. Soenens, B. ve Vansteenkiste, M. (2005). Antecedents and outcomes of self-determination in 3 life domains: The role of parents’ and teachers’ autonomy support. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 589–604.
49. Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Bey-ers, W., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Conceptualizing parental autonomy support: Ado-lescent perceptions of promotion of independence versus promotion of volitional functioning. Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 633–646. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.3.633
50. Soons, J. P. M., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2008). Together is better? Effects of re-lationship status and resources on young adults’ well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(4), 603–624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508093789
51. Sunar, D. & Fisek, G. (2005). Contemporary Turkish families. Families in Global Perspective. 169-183.
52. Sunar, D. (2002). Change and continuity in the Turkish middle-class fami-ly. In E. Özdalga & R. Liljeström (Eds.). Autonomy and Dependence in the Family. Routledge.
53. Tuzgöl-Dost, M. (2010). Güney Afrika ve Türkiye’deki üniversite öğrencil-erinin bazı değişkenlere göre öznel iyi oluş ve yaşam doyumlarının incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(158), 75–89.
54. Vasquez, A. C., Patall, E. A., Fong, C. J., Corrigan, A. S., and Pine, L. (2016). Parent autonomy support, academic achievement, and psychosocial func-tioning: a meta-analysis of research. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 28, 605–644. doi: 10.1007/s10648-015-9329-z
55. Vrolijk, P., van Lissa, C. J., Branje, S. J. T., Meeus, W. H. J., & Keizer, R. (2020). Longitudinal linkages between father and mother autonomy support and adolescent problem behaviors: Between-Family differences and Within-Family ef-fects. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 49(11), 2372–2387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01309-8
56. Wong, M. M. (2008). Perceptions of parental involvement and autonomy support: Their relations with Self-Regulation, academic performance, substance use and resilience among adolescents. North American Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 497–518.
57. Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., & Collins, W. A. (2003). Autonomy development during adolescence. In G. R. Adams & M. D. Berzonsky (Eds.), Blackwell hand-book of adolescence (pp. 175–204). Blackwell Publishing.