Araştırma Makalesi
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SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS' TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 85 - 100, 01.01.2026

Öz

This study examines the evolution of hashtags used by Turkish supporters of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) on Twitter, comparing the predefeat period (2014–2018) with the postdefeat period (2019–2022). The analysis encompasses 312,197 tweets to identify thematic shifts and network structures. In the predefeat phase, hashtags were primarily centered on geopolitical conflicts and political discourse, with prominent hashtags like #islamdevleti (Islamic State) and #incirlikkapatilsin (Incirlik Base must be closed). The network analysis revealed a main cluster of interconnected hashtags alongside smaller, niche groups. Postdefeat, the focus shifted towards humanitarian aid, financial support, and religious themes, with hashtags such as #sadaka (charity) and #infak (alms) becoming more prominent. This period exhibited multiple smaller, independent hashtag clusters, reflecting a more fragmented thematic focus. Despite these changes, core hashtags like #islamdevleti (Islamic State) and #hilafettakip (follow the caliphate) remained consistent, indicating enduring support for ISIS ideologies. The study underscores the adaptability of terrorist propaganda strategies in response to evolving circumstances and highlights the dynamic nature of online extremist activities. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how online platforms are leveraged by terrorist supporters to sustain and evolve their narratives over time.

Kaynakça

  • AgorbiaAtta, C., Atalor, I., Agyei, R., & Nachinaba, R. (2024). Combating terrorist financing in cryptocurrency platforms: The role of AI and machine learning. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(3), 14771486. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2787
  • Ali, H. (2020). The rise and fall of Islamic State: Current challenges and future prospects. Asian Affairs, 51(1), 71–94.
  • Alkhshali, H., Khadder, K., & Mackintosh, E. (2022, January 26). USbacked Kurdish forces recapture Syrian prison days after ISIS attack. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/26/middleeast/isissyriaprisonattackintl/index.html
  • Axelsson, J., Eriksson, L., & Grip, L. (2024). Managing violent extremist clients in prison and probation services: A scoping review. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 488–511.
  • Badawy, A., & Ferrara, E. (2018). The rise of jihadist propaganda on social networks. Journal of Computational Social Science, 1(2), 453–470.
  • Benigni, M. C., Joseph, K., & Carley, K. M. (2017). Online extremism and the communities that sustain it: Detecting the ISIS supporting community on Twitter. PloS One, 12(12), e0181405.
  • Broekhof, M. P., Kitzen, M. W., & Osinga, F. P. (2022). A Tale of Two Mosuls, The resurrection of the Iraqi armed forces and the military defeat of ISIS. Journal of Strategic Studies, 45(1), 96–118.
  • Colombo, M., & Curini, L. (2022). Discussing the Islamic State on Twitter. Springer.
  • Conway, M., Khawaja, M., Lakhani, S., & Reffin, J. (2021). A snapshot of the Syrian Jihadi online ecology: Differential disruption, community strength, and preferred other platforms. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1–17.
  • Dhanaraj, J. (2018). Evolution of the Islamic State after its territorial defeat. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(5), 1–7.
  • Eroğlu, D. (2018, April 26). Tevhid Dergisi kadrosu anlatıyor (3): Devlet zulmü sürerse iş farklı yerlere gider. Diken. https://www.diken.com.tr/ebuhanzalanintevhiddergisikadrosuanlatiyor3devletzulmusurerseisfarkliyerleregider/
  • Fernandez, M., Asif, M., & Alani, H. (2018). Understanding the roots of radicalisation on twitter. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3201064.3201082
  • Fıstık, F. (2019, October 23). Ebu Hanzala'nın (Halis Bayancuk) başını çektiği Tevhid Dergisi çalışanlarıyla söyleşi. Medyascope. https://medyascope.tv/2019/10/23/ebuhanzalaninhalisbayancukbasinicektigitevhiddergisiyoneticileriylesoylesi1bizlerihemelkaidehemisiddenyargiliyorlar/
  • Grandjean, M. (2016). A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3(1), 1171458.
  • Jain, P. N., & Vaidya, A. S. (2021). Analysis of social media based on terrorism—A review. Vietnam Journal of Computer Science, 8(01), 1–21.
  • Karakaya, İ. (2017). Türkiye'nin IŞİD ile mücadele politikası. TESAM, 2, 1–02.
  • Kriner, D. L., & Shen, F. X. (2020). Battlefield casualties and ballotbox defeat: Did the Bush–Obama wars cost Clinton the White House? PS: Political Science & Politics, 53(2), 248–252.
  • Önder, M. S. (2022). Terör Örgütlerinin Hashtag Aktivizmi Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Sosyal Ağ Analizi. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 106, 169–197.
  • Özeren, S., Cubukcu, S., & Cash, G. (2024). Exposure to extremist content and public sympathy for ISIS. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 47(4), 345–365.
  • Özeren, S., Hekim, H., Elmas, M. S., & Canbegi, H. I. (2018). An analysis of ISIS propaganda and recruitment activities targeting the Turkishspeaking population. International Annals of Criminology, 56(1–2), 105–121.
  • Schlegel, L. (2020). Jumanji Extremism? How games and gamification could facilitate radicalization processes. Journal for Deradicalization, 23(2), 1–44.
  • Torregrosa, J., Thorburn, J., LaraCabrera, R., Camacho, D., & Trujillo, H. M. (2020). Linguistic analysis of proISIS users on Twitter. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 12(3), 171–185.
  • Totten, M. J. (2015). The trouble with Turkey: Erdogan, ISIS, and the Kurds. World Affairs, 5–12.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2022a). Examining ISIS's Turkish Sympathizers on Twitter. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 13–34.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2022b). New Page in Terrorism: An Explanation of the 'Soft' Terrorism Concept with ISIS Case in Turkey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. National Sun Yatsen University.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2023). Comparison of Turkish and Englishspeaking ISIS sympathizers' Twitter content between 2015 and 2016. Innovation in the Social Sciences, 1(2), 234–262.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2024a). Examining the Japanese Fear of ISIS with Soft Terrorism Concept. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 27–48.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2024b, August 7). A Hashtag Perspective: Examining ISIS Supporter Activities on Twitter in Türkiye between 2019 and 2022. The Global Network on Extremism and Technology – GNET. https://gnetresearch.org/2024/08/07/ahashtagperspectiveexaminingisissupporteractivitiesontwitterinturkiyebetween2019and2022/
  • VanDam, C., & Tan, P.N. (2016). Detecting hashtag hijacking from twitter. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science, 370–371. https://doi.org/10.1145/2908131.2908179

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 85 - 100, 01.01.2026

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AgorbiaAtta, C., Atalor, I., Agyei, R., & Nachinaba, R. (2024). Combating terrorist financing in cryptocurrency platforms: The role of AI and machine learning. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(3), 14771486. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2787
  • Ali, H. (2020). The rise and fall of Islamic State: Current challenges and future prospects. Asian Affairs, 51(1), 71–94.
  • Alkhshali, H., Khadder, K., & Mackintosh, E. (2022, January 26). USbacked Kurdish forces recapture Syrian prison days after ISIS attack. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/26/middleeast/isissyriaprisonattackintl/index.html
  • Axelsson, J., Eriksson, L., & Grip, L. (2024). Managing violent extremist clients in prison and probation services: A scoping review. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 488–511.
  • Badawy, A., & Ferrara, E. (2018). The rise of jihadist propaganda on social networks. Journal of Computational Social Science, 1(2), 453–470.
  • Benigni, M. C., Joseph, K., & Carley, K. M. (2017). Online extremism and the communities that sustain it: Detecting the ISIS supporting community on Twitter. PloS One, 12(12), e0181405.
  • Broekhof, M. P., Kitzen, M. W., & Osinga, F. P. (2022). A Tale of Two Mosuls, The resurrection of the Iraqi armed forces and the military defeat of ISIS. Journal of Strategic Studies, 45(1), 96–118.
  • Colombo, M., & Curini, L. (2022). Discussing the Islamic State on Twitter. Springer.
  • Conway, M., Khawaja, M., Lakhani, S., & Reffin, J. (2021). A snapshot of the Syrian Jihadi online ecology: Differential disruption, community strength, and preferred other platforms. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1–17.
  • Dhanaraj, J. (2018). Evolution of the Islamic State after its territorial defeat. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(5), 1–7.
  • Eroğlu, D. (2018, April 26). Tevhid Dergisi kadrosu anlatıyor (3): Devlet zulmü sürerse iş farklı yerlere gider. Diken. https://www.diken.com.tr/ebuhanzalanintevhiddergisikadrosuanlatiyor3devletzulmusurerseisfarkliyerleregider/
  • Fernandez, M., Asif, M., & Alani, H. (2018). Understanding the roots of radicalisation on twitter. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3201064.3201082
  • Fıstık, F. (2019, October 23). Ebu Hanzala'nın (Halis Bayancuk) başını çektiği Tevhid Dergisi çalışanlarıyla söyleşi. Medyascope. https://medyascope.tv/2019/10/23/ebuhanzalaninhalisbayancukbasinicektigitevhiddergisiyoneticileriylesoylesi1bizlerihemelkaidehemisiddenyargiliyorlar/
  • Grandjean, M. (2016). A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3(1), 1171458.
  • Jain, P. N., & Vaidya, A. S. (2021). Analysis of social media based on terrorism—A review. Vietnam Journal of Computer Science, 8(01), 1–21.
  • Karakaya, İ. (2017). Türkiye'nin IŞİD ile mücadele politikası. TESAM, 2, 1–02.
  • Kriner, D. L., & Shen, F. X. (2020). Battlefield casualties and ballotbox defeat: Did the Bush–Obama wars cost Clinton the White House? PS: Political Science & Politics, 53(2), 248–252.
  • Önder, M. S. (2022). Terör Örgütlerinin Hashtag Aktivizmi Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Sosyal Ağ Analizi. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 106, 169–197.
  • Özeren, S., Cubukcu, S., & Cash, G. (2024). Exposure to extremist content and public sympathy for ISIS. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 47(4), 345–365.
  • Özeren, S., Hekim, H., Elmas, M. S., & Canbegi, H. I. (2018). An analysis of ISIS propaganda and recruitment activities targeting the Turkishspeaking population. International Annals of Criminology, 56(1–2), 105–121.
  • Schlegel, L. (2020). Jumanji Extremism? How games and gamification could facilitate radicalization processes. Journal for Deradicalization, 23(2), 1–44.
  • Torregrosa, J., Thorburn, J., LaraCabrera, R., Camacho, D., & Trujillo, H. M. (2020). Linguistic analysis of proISIS users on Twitter. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 12(3), 171–185.
  • Totten, M. J. (2015). The trouble with Turkey: Erdogan, ISIS, and the Kurds. World Affairs, 5–12.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2022a). Examining ISIS's Turkish Sympathizers on Twitter. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 13–34.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2022b). New Page in Terrorism: An Explanation of the 'Soft' Terrorism Concept with ISIS Case in Turkey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. National Sun Yatsen University.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2023). Comparison of Turkish and Englishspeaking ISIS sympathizers' Twitter content between 2015 and 2016. Innovation in the Social Sciences, 1(2), 234–262.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2024a). Examining the Japanese Fear of ISIS with Soft Terrorism Concept. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 27–48.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2024b, August 7). A Hashtag Perspective: Examining ISIS Supporter Activities on Twitter in Türkiye between 2019 and 2022. The Global Network on Extremism and Technology – GNET. https://gnetresearch.org/2024/08/07/ahashtagperspectiveexaminingisissupporteractivitiesontwitterinturkiyebetween2019and2022/
  • VanDam, C., & Tan, P.N. (2016). Detecting hashtag hijacking from twitter. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science, 370–371. https://doi.org/10.1145/2908131.2908179

IRAK VE ŞAM İSLAM DEVLETİ (IŞİD) DESTEKÇİLERİNİN TÜRKİYE'DEKİ TWİTTER HASHTAG KULLANIMININ TOPRAK KAYBINDAN ÖNCESİ VE SONRASI KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 85 - 100, 01.01.2026

Öz

Bu çalışma, Irak ve Şam İslam Devleti'nin (IŞİD) Türk destekçilerinin Twitter'da kullandığı hashtag'lerin evrimini inceleyerek, yenilgi öncesi (2014-2018) ve yenilgi sonrası dönemleri (2019-2022) karşılaştırmaktadır. Analiz, tematik değişimleri ve ağ yapılarını belirlemek için 312.197 tweet'i kapsamaktadır. Yenilgi öncesi dönemde, hashtag'ler öncelikle jeopolitik çatışmalar ve siyasi söylemlere odaklanmıştır ve #islamdevleti ve #incirlikkapatilsin gibi öne çıkan hashtag'ler kullanılıyordu. Ağ analizi, birbirine bağlı ana hashtag kümelerinin yanı sıra daha küçük, niş grupların da olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Yenilgiden sonraki dönemde ise odak noktası insani yardım, mali destek ve dini temalara kaymıştır ve #sadaka ve #infak gibi hashtag'ler daha öne çıkmaktadır. Bu dönemde, daha parçalı bir tematik odak noktasını yansıtan çok sayıda küçük, bağımsız hashtag kümesi ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu değişikliklere rağmen, #islamdevleti ve #hilafettakip gibi temel hashtag'ler tutarlılığını korumuştur ve IŞİD ideolojilerine olan desteğin devam ettiğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, terörist propaganda stratejilerinin değişen koşullara uyum sağlama yeteneğini vurgulamakta ve çevrim içi aşırılıkçı faaliyetlerin dinamik doğasını ortaya koymaktadır. Bulgular, terör örgütü destekçilerinin çevrim içi platformları zaman içinde kendi anlatılarını sürdürmek ve geliştirmek için nasıl kullandıklarına dair daha derin bir anlayışa katkıda bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AgorbiaAtta, C., Atalor, I., Agyei, R., & Nachinaba, R. (2024). Combating terrorist financing in cryptocurrency platforms: The role of AI and machine learning. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 23(3), 14771486. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.3.2787
  • Ali, H. (2020). The rise and fall of Islamic State: Current challenges and future prospects. Asian Affairs, 51(1), 71–94.
  • Alkhshali, H., Khadder, K., & Mackintosh, E. (2022, January 26). USbacked Kurdish forces recapture Syrian prison days after ISIS attack. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/01/26/middleeast/isissyriaprisonattackintl/index.html
  • Axelsson, J., Eriksson, L., & Grip, L. (2024). Managing violent extremist clients in prison and probation services: A scoping review. Terrorism and Political Violence, 36(4), 488–511.
  • Badawy, A., & Ferrara, E. (2018). The rise of jihadist propaganda on social networks. Journal of Computational Social Science, 1(2), 453–470.
  • Benigni, M. C., Joseph, K., & Carley, K. M. (2017). Online extremism and the communities that sustain it: Detecting the ISIS supporting community on Twitter. PloS One, 12(12), e0181405.
  • Broekhof, M. P., Kitzen, M. W., & Osinga, F. P. (2022). A Tale of Two Mosuls, The resurrection of the Iraqi armed forces and the military defeat of ISIS. Journal of Strategic Studies, 45(1), 96–118.
  • Colombo, M., & Curini, L. (2022). Discussing the Islamic State on Twitter. Springer.
  • Conway, M., Khawaja, M., Lakhani, S., & Reffin, J. (2021). A snapshot of the Syrian Jihadi online ecology: Differential disruption, community strength, and preferred other platforms. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 1–17.
  • Dhanaraj, J. (2018). Evolution of the Islamic State after its territorial defeat. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 10(5), 1–7.
  • Eroğlu, D. (2018, April 26). Tevhid Dergisi kadrosu anlatıyor (3): Devlet zulmü sürerse iş farklı yerlere gider. Diken. https://www.diken.com.tr/ebuhanzalanintevhiddergisikadrosuanlatiyor3devletzulmusurerseisfarkliyerleregider/
  • Fernandez, M., Asif, M., & Alani, H. (2018). Understanding the roots of radicalisation on twitter. Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3201064.3201082
  • Fıstık, F. (2019, October 23). Ebu Hanzala'nın (Halis Bayancuk) başını çektiği Tevhid Dergisi çalışanlarıyla söyleşi. Medyascope. https://medyascope.tv/2019/10/23/ebuhanzalaninhalisbayancukbasinicektigitevhiddergisiyoneticileriylesoylesi1bizlerihemelkaidehemisiddenyargiliyorlar/
  • Grandjean, M. (2016). A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community. Cogent Arts & Humanities, 3(1), 1171458.
  • Jain, P. N., & Vaidya, A. S. (2021). Analysis of social media based on terrorism—A review. Vietnam Journal of Computer Science, 8(01), 1–21.
  • Karakaya, İ. (2017). Türkiye'nin IŞİD ile mücadele politikası. TESAM, 2, 1–02.
  • Kriner, D. L., & Shen, F. X. (2020). Battlefield casualties and ballotbox defeat: Did the Bush–Obama wars cost Clinton the White House? PS: Political Science & Politics, 53(2), 248–252.
  • Önder, M. S. (2022). Terör Örgütlerinin Hashtag Aktivizmi Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Sosyal Ağ Analizi. Liberal Düşünce Dergisi, 106, 169–197.
  • Özeren, S., Cubukcu, S., & Cash, G. (2024). Exposure to extremist content and public sympathy for ISIS. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 47(4), 345–365.
  • Özeren, S., Hekim, H., Elmas, M. S., & Canbegi, H. I. (2018). An analysis of ISIS propaganda and recruitment activities targeting the Turkishspeaking population. International Annals of Criminology, 56(1–2), 105–121.
  • Schlegel, L. (2020). Jumanji Extremism? How games and gamification could facilitate radicalization processes. Journal for Deradicalization, 23(2), 1–44.
  • Torregrosa, J., Thorburn, J., LaraCabrera, R., Camacho, D., & Trujillo, H. M. (2020). Linguistic analysis of proISIS users on Twitter. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 12(3), 171–185.
  • Totten, M. J. (2015). The trouble with Turkey: Erdogan, ISIS, and the Kurds. World Affairs, 5–12.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2022a). Examining ISIS's Turkish Sympathizers on Twitter. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(3), 13–34.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2022b). New Page in Terrorism: An Explanation of the 'Soft' Terrorism Concept with ISIS Case in Turkey [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. National Sun Yatsen University.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2023). Comparison of Turkish and Englishspeaking ISIS sympathizers' Twitter content between 2015 and 2016. Innovation in the Social Sciences, 1(2), 234–262.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2024a). Examining the Japanese Fear of ISIS with Soft Terrorism Concept. Bölge Çalışmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 27–48.
  • Tulga, A. Y. (2024b, August 7). A Hashtag Perspective: Examining ISIS Supporter Activities on Twitter in Türkiye between 2019 and 2022. The Global Network on Extremism and Technology – GNET. https://gnetresearch.org/2024/08/07/ahashtagperspectiveexaminingisissupporteractivitiesontwitterinturkiyebetween2019and2022/
  • VanDam, C., & Tan, P.N. (2016). Detecting hashtag hijacking from twitter. Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Web Science, 370–371. https://doi.org/10.1145/2908131.2908179
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ahmet Yiğitalp Tulga 0000-0001-7596-1269

Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Tulga, A. Y. (2026). SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, 9(3), 85-100. https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD
AMA 1.Tulga AY. SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT. IJSHS. 2026;9(3):85-100. https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD
Chicago Tulga, Ahmet Yiğitalp. 2026. “SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 9 (3): 85-100. https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD.
EndNote Tulga AY (01 Ocak 2026) SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 9 3 85–100.
IEEE [1]A. Y. Tulga, “SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT”, IJSHS, c. 9, sy 3, ss. 85–100, Oca. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD
ISNAD Tulga, Ahmet Yiğitalp. “SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 9/3 (01 Ocak 2026): 85-100. https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD.
JAMA 1.Tulga AY. SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT. IJSHS. 2026;9:85–100.
MLA Tulga, Ahmet Yiğitalp. “SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, c. 9, sy 3, Ocak 2026, ss. 85-100, https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD.
Vancouver 1.Tulga AY. SHIFTING NARRATIVES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) SUPPORTERS’ TWITTER HASHTAG USAGE IN TÜRKIYE BEFORE AND AFTER ITS TERRITORIAL DEFEAT. IJSHS [Internet]. 01 Ocak 2026;9(3):85-100. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA76YY64MD