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IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 85 - 104, 30.09.2019

Öz

Concerned with the rising maternal mortality ratio among its women of repro-ductive age, the Nigerian government implemented several health policies, but without much success, due to several implementation challenges. This lack of success necessitated the formulation of the 2004 Revised National Health Policy, which aimed at the improvement of the Nigerian health system, reduction of ma-ternal mortality ratio by 66% at the end of 2015 etc. The study assessed the ef-fects of the implementation of the 2004 Revised National Health policy towards the reduction of maternal mortality ratio at the Katsina state General Hospital Nigeria, in relation to the effects of funding, effects of health infrastructure and personnel, effects of socio-economic factors in healthcare access, and role of ad-vocacy groups in healthcare delivery. The scope of the study consisted of 100 pregnant women and 2 health officials of General hospital Katsina. The study employed mixed research method, to reach the target population. The data for quantitative analysis was collected through questionnaires which were distribut-ed to pregnant women and analysed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). While, data for qualitative analysis was collected using an in-depth in-terview with hospitals’ officials and analysed using narrations. The study found that maternal mortality ratio reduced marginally (i.e. 1 death per 59 deliveries) in the state, insufficient resources (both human and financial), insufficient health infrastructures, low access to healthcare facilities by pregnant women. The study recommends more funding and provision of health infrastructure and personnel, as well as more collaboration with both international and local Non-Governmental Organisations in the areas of sensitization of women and training of health personnel, as well as provision of health infrastructure.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulraheem, I. S., Oladipo, A.R, & Amodu, M. O. (2012). Primary Health Care Services in Nigeria: Critical Issues and Strategies for Enhancing the Use by Rural Communities Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(1), 5–13.
  • Adeyemo, D.O. (2005). Local Government and Health Care Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study J Hum Ecol. (18): 149-160.
  • Adinma, E.D., Adinma, B.J. (2010). Community Based Healthcare Fi-nancing: An Untapped Option to a More Effective Healthcare Funding in Nige-ria. Niger Med J. 2010; 51(3): 95-100
  • Agnihotri, S. B. (2000). ‘Declining Infant and Child Mortality in India: How do girl children fare? Economic and Political Weekly 36(3) 228-33
  • Aneikwu, N.I. (2005). The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Status of Implementation on the Right to Health Care in Nigeria. 13(3): 34 – 39
  • Arrow, (2005). ICPD Ten Years on: Monitoring on sexual and Reproduc-tive Health and Rights in Asia Retrieved from http://www.sexogsamfund.dk/Files/Filer/Sex%20og%20Samfund/Diverse/ARROW_ICPD_Ten_Years_On_FINAL.pdf
  • Asuzu, M. C. (2004). The Necessity for a Health Systems Reform in Nige-ria. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 16(1):1-3
  • Berman, P.; Pullos, S., Smith, A.L. & Bradley, E.H. (2011). Improving the Delivery of Health Sources. A Guide to Choosing Strategies Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/ImprovingDeliveryofHealthServicesFINAL.pdf
  • Bhutta, Z. A., Soofi, S., Cousens, S., Mohammad, S., Memon, Z. A., Ali, I. ... & Martines, J. (2011). Improvement of Perinatal and Newborn Care in Rural Pakistan through Community-based Strategies: A Cluster-randomised Effective-ness Trial. The Lancet, 377(9763), 403-412.
  • Burnham, G. M., Pariyo, G., Galiwango, E., & Wabwire-Mangen, F. (2004). Discontinuation of Cost Sharing in Uganda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(3), 187-195.
  • Callister, l.C. & Edwards, J.E. (2010). Achieving Millennium Development Goal-5, the Improvement of Maternal Health 39(5), 590-8; quiz 598-9 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673318
  • Christoph. A., et al. (2014). The Workforce for Health in a Globalized Context - global Shortages and International Migration, 7:23611 Retrieved from http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/gha/article/view/23611
  • Daily Trust Newspapers, (2015). Available at www.dailytrust.com.ng
  • Dan Kaseje, (2006). Healthcare in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities, and an Emerging Model for Improvement. Presented at the Woodrow Wilson Inter-national Center for Scholars
  • Emmanuel Wekesa Wamalwa (2015). Implementation Challenges of Free Maternity Services Policy in Kenya: The Health Workers’ Perspective. The Pan African Medical Journal 22:375 doi: 10:11604/pamj.2015.22.375.6708
  • Fatuma, M; Joanna, A. S; Guy, H; Kaspor, W; Confad, M; Kizito, - shiri-ma; Hassan, M Marcel, T; and David S. (2013). Human Resources for Health Care Delivery in Tanzania: A Multifaceted Problem. 10:3 Retrieved from
  • Galadanci, H.S.; Idris, S.A.; Sadauki, H.M.; Yakasai, I. A. (2010). Pro-grams and Policies for Reducing Maternal Mortality in Kano State, Nigeria: A Review. 14(3): 31
  • Garenne, M., Mbaye, K., Bah, M. D. & Dakar Correa, P. (1997). Risk Fac-tors for Maternal Mortality: A Case Control Study in Hospitals (Senegal) Repro-ductive Health1 (1), 14-24
  • Gender Nigeria Report (2012). Improving the Lives of Girls and Women in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67333/Gender-Nigeria2012.pdf
  • Green, A., Ali, B., Naem, A., Vassal, A. (2011). Using Costing as A Dis-trict Planning and Management Tool in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Health Policy and Planning 16(2); 180-186
  • Hardee, K.; Feranil, I.; Boezwinkle, J.; Clark, B. (2004). The Policy Cir-cle: A Framework for Analyzing Components of Family, Reproductive Health, Maternal Health and HIV/AIDS Policies. Retrieved from http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/workingpapers/wps-11.pdf
  • Hogan, et al. (2008). Maternal Mortality for 181 Countries, 1980- 2008: A Systematic Analysis of Progress towards Millennium Development Goals. Lan-cet 375(9726) 1609-23.
  • Joseph, N.M. & Uche, I. (2012). Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: Examina-tion of Intervention Methods. International Journal of Humanities and social science.2 (20)
  • Kullima, A. A., Kawuwa, M. B., Audu, B. M., Geidam, A. D., & Mairiga, A. G. (2009). Trends in Maternal Mortality in a Tertiary Institution in Northern Nigeria, Annals of African Medicine, 8(4)
  • MoHFW, (1983). Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gov-ernment of India; National Health Policy. [PubMed]
  • MoHFW, (2002). Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gov-ernment of India National Health Policy.
  • Mojekwu, J. N. (2012). Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: Examination of In-tervention Method, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2(20) Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_20_Special_Issue_October_2012/13.pdf
  • Nabyonga-Orem J, Karamagi H, Atuyambe L, Bagenda F, Okuonzi S & Walker O. (2008). Maintaining Quality of Health Services after Abolition of User Fees: A Uganda Case Study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008; 8:102.PubMed | Google Scholar
  • National Population Commission (NPC) and ICF Macro, (2008): Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Key Findings. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Npc and Icf Macro, Retrieved from http://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR222/FR222.pdf
  • Nimi, B. (2008). Implementing the Millennium Development Goals with Respect to Women’s Health Retrieved from http://www.nimibriggs.org/implementing-the-millennium-development-goals-with-respect-to-womens-health/
  • Nursing World Nigeria, (2013). Katsina: Providing Succor to VVF Pa-tients Retrieved from http://www.nursingworldnigeria.com/2013/01/katsina-providing-succour-to-vvf-patients
  • Okara, J.M., Umezulike, A.C., Onah, H. E. & Chukwuali, (2013). Mater-nal Mortality at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu before and after Kenya. AfrJReprodHealth5 (2):907
  • Olakunde, O.B. (2012). Public Health Care Financing in Nigeria: Which Way Forward? AnnNigerianMed6 (1):410
  • Olubunmi, I. & Yetunde, A. (2008). Gender Dimensions of Agriculture, Poverty, Nutrition and Food Security in Nigeria: Nigeria Strategy Support Pro-gram (NSSP) Background Paper. Retrieved from http://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/blog/2011/10/gender-dimensions-paper_nigeria_nssp.pdf
  • Osungbade, K.; Oginni, S. & Olumide, A. (2008). Content of Antenatal Care Services in Secondary Healthcare Facilities in Nigeria: Implication for Quality of Maternal Health Care. Int J Qual Health Care 20(5):346-51
  • Phillip N. (2012). Improving Maternal Mortality and Other Aspects of Women’s Health: The United States’ Global Role Retrieved from http://csis.org/files/publication/121003_Nieburg_MaternalMortality_Web.pdf
  • Poureslami, I. M., MacLean, D. R., Spiegel, J., & Yassi, A. (2004). Socio-cultural, Environmental, and Health Challenges Facing Women and Children Living Near the Borders Between Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (AIP re-gion). Medscape General Medicine, 6(3).
  • Sabatier, P. A., & Mazmanian, D. A. (1980). The Implementation of Pub-lic Policy: A Framework of Analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538 - 560
  • Scott Emuakpor A. (2010). The Evolution of Health Care Systems in Ni-geria: Which Way Forward in the Twenty-first Century? Niger Med J 51(2):53-65
  • Strasser, R. (2003). Health Around the World: Challenges and Solution. Journal of Family Practice. 20 (4):457-463.
  • Tandon, A., Murray, C.J.L., Lauer, J.A., Evans, D. B., (2010). Measuring Overall Health System Performance for 191 Countries Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf
  • The Global Health Regime, (2013). Global Governance Monitor. Re-trieved from http://www.cfr.org/health/global-health-regime/p22763
  • The National Health Bill (2009). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Retrieved from http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Draft_National_Bill.pdf
  • Tinker, A. & Ransom, E. (2002). Healthy Mothers and Healthy New-borns: The Vital Link. Policy Perspectives on Newborn Health Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau Retrieved from http://www.popline.org/node/186919
  • UNFPA, (1999). “The State of World Population 1999 Six Billion: A Time for Choices.” New York: UNFPA.
  • WHO (2008). The Ouagadougou Declaration on Primary Health Care and Health Systems in Africa: Achieving Better Health for Africa in the New Mil-lennium Retrieved from https://www.aho.afro.who.int/en/ahm/issue/12/reports/ouagadougou-declaration-primary-health-care-and-health-systems-africa-achieving
  • WHO World Health Organization (2005). WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women, WHO Geneva Re-trieved from http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf
  • WHO World Health Organization (2008). Factsheet, Maternal Mortality, Department of Making Pregnancy Suffer Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70198/1/WHO_MPS_09.09_eng.pdf
  • WHO World Health Organization (2009). Women and Health: Today’s Evidence, Tomorrow’s Agenda. Geneva Switzerland Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/en/
  • WHO World Health Organization, (2012). Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990-2010: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank Estimates Geneva: WHO retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/%202012/9789241503631_eng.pdf
  • WHO, (2010). World Health Statistics, WHO Library Cataloguing in Pub-lication
  • WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA (2003). Maternal Mortality in 2000: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA Geneva: WHO
  • WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank (2005). Maternal Mortality in 2005 Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whosis/mme_2005.pdf
  • WHO-World Health Organization, (2007). The Nigerian Health System Retrieved from http://www.who.int/pmnch/countries/nigeria-plan-chapter-3.pdf
  • World Bank, (2010). Improving Primary Health Care Delivery in Nigeria: Evidence from Four States. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8311-7
  • World Bank Bank (1997). World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. (wih Qualtrics Card), Southern Western college
Yıl 2019, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 85 - 104, 30.09.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdulraheem, I. S., Oladipo, A.R, & Amodu, M. O. (2012). Primary Health Care Services in Nigeria: Critical Issues and Strategies for Enhancing the Use by Rural Communities Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 4(1), 5–13.
  • Adeyemo, D.O. (2005). Local Government and Health Care Delivery in Nigeria: A Case Study J Hum Ecol. (18): 149-160.
  • Adinma, E.D., Adinma, B.J. (2010). Community Based Healthcare Fi-nancing: An Untapped Option to a More Effective Healthcare Funding in Nige-ria. Niger Med J. 2010; 51(3): 95-100
  • Agnihotri, S. B. (2000). ‘Declining Infant and Child Mortality in India: How do girl children fare? Economic and Political Weekly 36(3) 228-33
  • Aneikwu, N.I. (2005). The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Status of Implementation on the Right to Health Care in Nigeria. 13(3): 34 – 39
  • Arrow, (2005). ICPD Ten Years on: Monitoring on sexual and Reproduc-tive Health and Rights in Asia Retrieved from http://www.sexogsamfund.dk/Files/Filer/Sex%20og%20Samfund/Diverse/ARROW_ICPD_Ten_Years_On_FINAL.pdf
  • Asuzu, M. C. (2004). The Necessity for a Health Systems Reform in Nige-ria. Journal of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care 16(1):1-3
  • Berman, P.; Pullos, S., Smith, A.L. & Bradley, E.H. (2011). Improving the Delivery of Health Sources. A Guide to Choosing Strategies Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/HEALTHNUTRITIONANDPOPULATION/Resources/281627-1095698140167/ImprovingDeliveryofHealthServicesFINAL.pdf
  • Bhutta, Z. A., Soofi, S., Cousens, S., Mohammad, S., Memon, Z. A., Ali, I. ... & Martines, J. (2011). Improvement of Perinatal and Newborn Care in Rural Pakistan through Community-based Strategies: A Cluster-randomised Effective-ness Trial. The Lancet, 377(9763), 403-412.
  • Burnham, G. M., Pariyo, G., Galiwango, E., & Wabwire-Mangen, F. (2004). Discontinuation of Cost Sharing in Uganda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(3), 187-195.
  • Callister, l.C. & Edwards, J.E. (2010). Achieving Millennium Development Goal-5, the Improvement of Maternal Health 39(5), 590-8; quiz 598-9 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673318
  • Christoph. A., et al. (2014). The Workforce for Health in a Globalized Context - global Shortages and International Migration, 7:23611 Retrieved from http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/gha/article/view/23611
  • Daily Trust Newspapers, (2015). Available at www.dailytrust.com.ng
  • Dan Kaseje, (2006). Healthcare in Africa: Challenges, Opportunities, and an Emerging Model for Improvement. Presented at the Woodrow Wilson Inter-national Center for Scholars
  • Emmanuel Wekesa Wamalwa (2015). Implementation Challenges of Free Maternity Services Policy in Kenya: The Health Workers’ Perspective. The Pan African Medical Journal 22:375 doi: 10:11604/pamj.2015.22.375.6708
  • Fatuma, M; Joanna, A. S; Guy, H; Kaspor, W; Confad, M; Kizito, - shiri-ma; Hassan, M Marcel, T; and David S. (2013). Human Resources for Health Care Delivery in Tanzania: A Multifaceted Problem. 10:3 Retrieved from
  • Galadanci, H.S.; Idris, S.A.; Sadauki, H.M.; Yakasai, I. A. (2010). Pro-grams and Policies for Reducing Maternal Mortality in Kano State, Nigeria: A Review. 14(3): 31
  • Garenne, M., Mbaye, K., Bah, M. D. & Dakar Correa, P. (1997). Risk Fac-tors for Maternal Mortality: A Case Control Study in Hospitals (Senegal) Repro-ductive Health1 (1), 14-24
  • Gender Nigeria Report (2012). Improving the Lives of Girls and Women in Nigeria. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/67333/Gender-Nigeria2012.pdf
  • Green, A., Ali, B., Naem, A., Vassal, A. (2011). Using Costing as A Dis-trict Planning and Management Tool in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Health Policy and Planning 16(2); 180-186
  • Hardee, K.; Feranil, I.; Boezwinkle, J.; Clark, B. (2004). The Policy Cir-cle: A Framework for Analyzing Components of Family, Reproductive Health, Maternal Health and HIV/AIDS Policies. Retrieved from http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/workingpapers/wps-11.pdf
  • Hogan, et al. (2008). Maternal Mortality for 181 Countries, 1980- 2008: A Systematic Analysis of Progress towards Millennium Development Goals. Lan-cet 375(9726) 1609-23.
  • Joseph, N.M. & Uche, I. (2012). Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: Examina-tion of Intervention Methods. International Journal of Humanities and social science.2 (20)
  • Kullima, A. A., Kawuwa, M. B., Audu, B. M., Geidam, A. D., & Mairiga, A. G. (2009). Trends in Maternal Mortality in a Tertiary Institution in Northern Nigeria, Annals of African Medicine, 8(4)
  • MoHFW, (1983). Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gov-ernment of India; National Health Policy. [PubMed]
  • MoHFW, (2002). Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Gov-ernment of India National Health Policy.
  • Mojekwu, J. N. (2012). Maternal Mortality in Nigeria: Examination of In-tervention Method, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 2(20) Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_20_Special_Issue_October_2012/13.pdf
  • Nabyonga-Orem J, Karamagi H, Atuyambe L, Bagenda F, Okuonzi S & Walker O. (2008). Maintaining Quality of Health Services after Abolition of User Fees: A Uganda Case Study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008; 8:102.PubMed | Google Scholar
  • National Population Commission (NPC) and ICF Macro, (2008): Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008: Key Findings. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Npc and Icf Macro, Retrieved from http://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR222/FR222.pdf
  • Nimi, B. (2008). Implementing the Millennium Development Goals with Respect to Women’s Health Retrieved from http://www.nimibriggs.org/implementing-the-millennium-development-goals-with-respect-to-womens-health/
  • Nursing World Nigeria, (2013). Katsina: Providing Succor to VVF Pa-tients Retrieved from http://www.nursingworldnigeria.com/2013/01/katsina-providing-succour-to-vvf-patients
  • Okara, J.M., Umezulike, A.C., Onah, H. E. & Chukwuali, (2013). Mater-nal Mortality at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu before and after Kenya. AfrJReprodHealth5 (2):907
  • Olakunde, O.B. (2012). Public Health Care Financing in Nigeria: Which Way Forward? AnnNigerianMed6 (1):410
  • Olubunmi, I. & Yetunde, A. (2008). Gender Dimensions of Agriculture, Poverty, Nutrition and Food Security in Nigeria: Nigeria Strategy Support Pro-gram (NSSP) Background Paper. Retrieved from http://www.resakss.org/sites/default/files/blog/2011/10/gender-dimensions-paper_nigeria_nssp.pdf
  • Osungbade, K.; Oginni, S. & Olumide, A. (2008). Content of Antenatal Care Services in Secondary Healthcare Facilities in Nigeria: Implication for Quality of Maternal Health Care. Int J Qual Health Care 20(5):346-51
  • Phillip N. (2012). Improving Maternal Mortality and Other Aspects of Women’s Health: The United States’ Global Role Retrieved from http://csis.org/files/publication/121003_Nieburg_MaternalMortality_Web.pdf
  • Poureslami, I. M., MacLean, D. R., Spiegel, J., & Yassi, A. (2004). Socio-cultural, Environmental, and Health Challenges Facing Women and Children Living Near the Borders Between Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (AIP re-gion). Medscape General Medicine, 6(3).
  • Sabatier, P. A., & Mazmanian, D. A. (1980). The Implementation of Pub-lic Policy: A Framework of Analysis. Policy Studies Journal, 8(4), 538 - 560
  • Scott Emuakpor A. (2010). The Evolution of Health Care Systems in Ni-geria: Which Way Forward in the Twenty-first Century? Niger Med J 51(2):53-65
  • Strasser, R. (2003). Health Around the World: Challenges and Solution. Journal of Family Practice. 20 (4):457-463.
  • Tandon, A., Murray, C.J.L., Lauer, J.A., Evans, D. B., (2010). Measuring Overall Health System Performance for 191 Countries Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf
  • The Global Health Regime, (2013). Global Governance Monitor. Re-trieved from http://www.cfr.org/health/global-health-regime/p22763
  • The National Health Bill (2009). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India Retrieved from http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Draft_National_Bill.pdf
  • Tinker, A. & Ransom, E. (2002). Healthy Mothers and Healthy New-borns: The Vital Link. Policy Perspectives on Newborn Health Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau Retrieved from http://www.popline.org/node/186919
  • UNFPA, (1999). “The State of World Population 1999 Six Billion: A Time for Choices.” New York: UNFPA.
  • WHO (2008). The Ouagadougou Declaration on Primary Health Care and Health Systems in Africa: Achieving Better Health for Africa in the New Mil-lennium Retrieved from https://www.aho.afro.who.int/en/ahm/issue/12/reports/ouagadougou-declaration-primary-health-care-and-health-systems-africa-achieving
  • WHO World Health Organization (2005). WHO Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women, WHO Geneva Re-trieved from http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/summary_report/summary_report_English2.pdf
  • WHO World Health Organization (2008). Factsheet, Maternal Mortality, Department of Making Pregnancy Suffer Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/70198/1/WHO_MPS_09.09_eng.pdf
  • WHO World Health Organization (2009). Women and Health: Today’s Evidence, Tomorrow’s Agenda. Geneva Switzerland Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gender-equity-rights/en/
  • WHO World Health Organization, (2012). Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990-2010: WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and The World Bank Estimates Geneva: WHO retrieved from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/%202012/9789241503631_eng.pdf
  • WHO, (2010). World Health Statistics, WHO Library Cataloguing in Pub-lication
  • WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA (2003). Maternal Mortality in 2000: Estimates Developed by WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA Geneva: WHO
  • WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank (2005). Maternal Mortality in 2005 Retrieved from http://www.who.int/whosis/mme_2005.pdf
  • WHO-World Health Organization, (2007). The Nigerian Health System Retrieved from http://www.who.int/pmnch/countries/nigeria-plan-chapter-3.pdf
  • World Bank, (2010). Improving Primary Health Care Delivery in Nigeria: Evidence from Four States. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8311-7
  • World Bank Bank (1997). World Development Report 1997: The State in a Changing World. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. (wih Qualtrics Card), Southern Western college
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Amina Lawal Mashi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mashi, A. L. (2019). IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, 3(2), 85-104.
AMA Mashi AL. IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. IJSHS. Eylül 2019;3(2):85-104.
Chicago Mashi, Amina Lawal. “IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 3, sy. 2 (Eylül 2019): 85-104.
EndNote Mashi AL (01 Eylül 2019) IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 3 2 85–104.
IEEE A. L. Mashi, “IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA”, IJSHS, c. 3, sy. 2, ss. 85–104, 2019.
ISNAD Mashi, Amina Lawal. “IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 3/2 (Eylül 2019), 85-104.
JAMA Mashi AL. IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. IJSHS. 2019;3:85–104.
MLA Mashi, Amina Lawal. “IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, c. 3, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 85-104.
Vancouver Mashi AL. IMPACT OF 2004 HEALTH POLICY ON MATERNAL MORTALITY IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA. IJSHS. 2019;3(2):85-104.