Araştırma Makalesi
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Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 31 - 50, 21.07.2022

Öz

This paper focuses on the concepts of harm and art, and tries to answer two main questions: can art be harmful, how can it be censored? To answer these ques-tions, this paper will mainly claim that: it is not possible to completely ignore neither harms nor benefits of the art. Therefore, it is a must to censor it to elimi-nate the possible harms; but this must be made based on the knowledge of harm, art, freedom, and differences and changes of these in time and place. If censor-ship is not made right, then it would even cause more harm by violating the freedom of both artists and viewers. By doing censorship right, the harms would be limited and even vanished. Moreover, with the right censorship, art would be actually liberated. To claim so; first, this paper will introduce the definition and limits of the harm from two different views: Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics. Second, the definition of art will be given based on three different views: art as representation, as expression, and as form. Third, the link between art and harm will be analysed to answer the question of whether art is harmful or not. Then mainly and lastly, the questions of, who decides on censorship, who can decide whether something is morally acceptable for a society or not will be an-swered.

Kaynakça

  • Academic American Encyclopedia. (1996). Censorship. Michigan: Groiler Incorporated. Adajian, T. (2018, August 14). The Definition of Art. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/art-definition/#ConDef
  • Aristotle. (2008). The Poetics. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1974/1974-h/1974-h.htm: Gutenberg Ebook.
  • Arnold, M. (2006, April 19). Mill's On Liberty. Retrieved from Ezine Ar-ticles: https://ezinearticles.com/?Mills-On-Liberty&id=181525
  • Bakhtin, M. (1984). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana Uni-versity Press.
  • Bellaby, R. (2012). What's the Harm? The Ethics of Intelligence Collec-tion. Intelligence and National Security, 27(1), 93-117.
  • Blakburn, S. (2008). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Ox-ford University Press.
  • Christie, T., Groarke, L., & Sweet, W. (2008). Virtue ethics as an alterna-tive to deontological and consequential reasoning in the harm reduction debate. International Journal of Drug Policy(19), 52-58.
  • Culture Shock. (2020). Definition of Censorship. Retrieved from PBS: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/cultureshock/whodecides/definitions.html
  • Duignan, B. (2020). Plato and Aristotle: How Do They Differ? Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/story/plato-and-aristotle-how-do-they-differ
  • Foot, P. (1967). The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect. Oxford Review(5), 5-15.
  • Frank, P. (2015, January 1). A Brief History Of Art Censorship From 1508 To 2014. Retrieved from HuffPost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/art-censorship_n_6465010
  • Freedom Forum Institute. (2020). What is Freedom of Expression. Re-trieved from Freedom Forum Institute: https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/about/faq/what-is-freedom-of-expression/
  • Gebauer, G., & Wulf, C. (1995). Mimesis: Culture Art Society. California: University of California Press.
  • Hegel, F. (1975). Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art Vol.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hilgers, J. (1908). Censorship of Books. In The Catholic En-cyclopedia. New York: Robert Appeton Company.
  • Kamm, F. (1996). Morality, Mortality Vol. II: Rights, Duties, and Status. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1911). The Critique of Judgment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1999). The Critique of Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MacKinnon, B., & Fiala, A. (2015). Ethics: Theory and Con-temporary Issues (Vol. Eight Edition). Stanford: Cengage Learning. Marder, L. (2019, July 26). Definitions of Art. Retrieved from ThoughtCo. : https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-definition-of-art-182707
  • Merriam-Webster. (2020). Censorship. Retrieved from Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/censorship
  • Mill, J. S. (2001). On Liberty. Kitchener: Batoche Books. Mill, J. S. (2001). Utilitarianism. Kirschener: Batoche Books.
  • Nahra, C. (2014, June). The harm principle and the greatest happiness principle: the missing link. Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia, 55(129), 99-110. Re-trieved from Act Against Harm: http://www.actagainstharm.org/what-is-harm
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2020). Art. Retrieved from Lexico: Oxford Diction-ary: https://www.lexico.com/definition/art
  • Plato. (1941). The Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Scanlon, T. (1982, Winter). A Theory of Freedom of Expression. Philos-ophy & Public Affairs, 1(2), pp. 204-226.
  • Vandette, K. (2019, January 1). Movie violence does not inspire real life violence, study shows. Retrieved from Earth: https://www.earth.com/news/movie-violence-real-life/
  • Wicclair, M. (1987). Feminism, Pornography, and Censorhip. In T. A. Mappes, & J. S. Zembaty, Social Ethics (pp. 195-199). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Wilde, N. (1894, May). Kant's Relation to Utilitarianism. The Philosophi-cal Review, 3(3), 289- 304.
  • Zimmermann, I. (2015). Variance and Censorship in Medieval Love Lyr-ic. In J. Hartmann, &
  • H. Zapt, Censorship and Exile (pp. 85-95). Göttingen: V&R Unipress.

SANAT VE SANSÜR: SANAT ZARAR VEREBİLİR Mİ?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 31 - 50, 21.07.2022

Öz

Bu makale sanat ve zarar kavramlarına odaklanmakta ve iki ana soruyu yanıtlamaya çalışmaktadır: Sanat zararlı olabilir mi, zararlıysa nasıl sansürlenebil-ir? Bu soruları cevaplamak için, bu makale esas olarak şunu iddia edecektir: San-atın ne zararlarını ne de yararlarını tamamen göz ardı etmek mümkün değildir. Bu nedenle olası zararları ortadan kaldırmak için sansürlemek şart. Ancak bu sansür; zarar, sanat ve özgürlük olgularının zaman ve mekandaki farklılık ve değişimlerinin bilgisi temelinde yapılmalıdır. Sansür doğru yapılmazsa hem sanatçıların hem de izleyicilerin özgürlüğünü ihlal ederek daha fazla zarara yol açar. Sansürün doğru uygulanmasıyla, sanatın verebileceği zararlar sınırlanacak ve hatta ortadan kaldırılabilecektir. Üstelik, doğru sansürle sanat fiilen özgürleşecektir. Bu argümanların savunulması için ilk olarak, bu makale zararın tanımını ve sınırlarını iki farklı görüşten sunacaktır: Faydacılık ve Deontolojik Etik. İkinci olarak, sanatın tanımı üç farklı görüş temelinde verilecektir: temsil olarak sanat, ifade olarak ve biçim olarak sanat. Üçüncü olarak, sanatın zararlı olup olmadığı sorusuna cevap vermek için sanat ve zarar arasındaki bağlantı ana-liz edilecektir. Daha sonra şu sorular tartışılacaktır; sansüre kim karar verir, bir şeyin ahlaki olarak kabul edilebilir olup olmadığına kim karar verebilir?

Kaynakça

  • Academic American Encyclopedia. (1996). Censorship. Michigan: Groiler Incorporated. Adajian, T. (2018, August 14). The Definition of Art. Retrieved from Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/art-definition/#ConDef
  • Aristotle. (2008). The Poetics. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1974/1974-h/1974-h.htm: Gutenberg Ebook.
  • Arnold, M. (2006, April 19). Mill's On Liberty. Retrieved from Ezine Ar-ticles: https://ezinearticles.com/?Mills-On-Liberty&id=181525
  • Bakhtin, M. (1984). Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana Uni-versity Press.
  • Bellaby, R. (2012). What's the Harm? The Ethics of Intelligence Collec-tion. Intelligence and National Security, 27(1), 93-117.
  • Blakburn, S. (2008). The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Ox-ford University Press.
  • Christie, T., Groarke, L., & Sweet, W. (2008). Virtue ethics as an alterna-tive to deontological and consequential reasoning in the harm reduction debate. International Journal of Drug Policy(19), 52-58.
  • Culture Shock. (2020). Definition of Censorship. Retrieved from PBS: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/cultureshock/whodecides/definitions.html
  • Duignan, B. (2020). Plato and Aristotle: How Do They Differ? Retrieved from Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/story/plato-and-aristotle-how-do-they-differ
  • Foot, P. (1967). The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect. Oxford Review(5), 5-15.
  • Frank, P. (2015, January 1). A Brief History Of Art Censorship From 1508 To 2014. Retrieved from HuffPost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/art-censorship_n_6465010
  • Freedom Forum Institute. (2020). What is Freedom of Expression. Re-trieved from Freedom Forum Institute: https://www.freedomforuminstitute.org/about/faq/what-is-freedom-of-expression/
  • Gebauer, G., & Wulf, C. (1995). Mimesis: Culture Art Society. California: University of California Press.
  • Hegel, F. (1975). Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art Vol.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hilgers, J. (1908). Censorship of Books. In The Catholic En-cyclopedia. New York: Robert Appeton Company.
  • Kamm, F. (1996). Morality, Mortality Vol. II: Rights, Duties, and Status. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1911). The Critique of Judgment. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kant, I. (1999). The Critique of Practical Reason. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. MacKinnon, B., & Fiala, A. (2015). Ethics: Theory and Con-temporary Issues (Vol. Eight Edition). Stanford: Cengage Learning. Marder, L. (2019, July 26). Definitions of Art. Retrieved from ThoughtCo. : https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-the-definition-of-art-182707
  • Merriam-Webster. (2020). Censorship. Retrieved from Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/censorship
  • Mill, J. S. (2001). On Liberty. Kitchener: Batoche Books. Mill, J. S. (2001). Utilitarianism. Kirschener: Batoche Books.
  • Nahra, C. (2014, June). The harm principle and the greatest happiness principle: the missing link. Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia, 55(129), 99-110. Re-trieved from Act Against Harm: http://www.actagainstharm.org/what-is-harm
  • Oxford Dictionary. (2020). Art. Retrieved from Lexico: Oxford Diction-ary: https://www.lexico.com/definition/art
  • Plato. (1941). The Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Scanlon, T. (1982, Winter). A Theory of Freedom of Expression. Philos-ophy & Public Affairs, 1(2), pp. 204-226.
  • Vandette, K. (2019, January 1). Movie violence does not inspire real life violence, study shows. Retrieved from Earth: https://www.earth.com/news/movie-violence-real-life/
  • Wicclair, M. (1987). Feminism, Pornography, and Censorhip. In T. A. Mappes, & J. S. Zembaty, Social Ethics (pp. 195-199). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Wilde, N. (1894, May). Kant's Relation to Utilitarianism. The Philosophi-cal Review, 3(3), 289- 304.
  • Zimmermann, I. (2015). Variance and Censorship in Medieval Love Lyr-ic. In J. Hartmann, &
  • H. Zapt, Censorship and Exile (pp. 85-95). Göttingen: V&R Unipress.
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gizem Kayahan Dal 0000-0002-7715-330X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kayahan Dal, G. (2022). Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, 6(1), 31-50.
AMA Kayahan Dal G. Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?. IJSHS. Temmuz 2022;6(1):31-50.
Chicago Kayahan Dal, Gizem. “Art & Censorship: Can Art Be Harmful?”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 6, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2022): 31-50.
EndNote Kayahan Dal G (01 Temmuz 2022) Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 6 1 31–50.
IEEE G. Kayahan Dal, “Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?”, IJSHS, c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 31–50, 2022.
ISNAD Kayahan Dal, Gizem. “Art & Censorship: Can Art Be Harmful?”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 6/1 (Temmuz 2022), 31-50.
JAMA Kayahan Dal G. Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?. IJSHS. 2022;6:31–50.
MLA Kayahan Dal, Gizem. “Art & Censorship: Can Art Be Harmful?”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, c. 6, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 31-50.
Vancouver Kayahan Dal G. Art & Censorship: Can Art be Harmful?. IJSHS. 2022;6(1):31-50.