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KIRGIZİSTAN’DA OKLOKRASİ’NİN EVRİMLEŞMESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 49 - 68, 30.06.2023

Öz

Kırgızistan bağımsızlığından itibaren güçlü lider yönetimleri altında olan Orta Asya ülkeleri içinde görece demokratik yönetiminden dolayı bir istisna olarak görülmektedir. Kırgızistan'ı anlatırken popular bir terim olarak Orta Asya'nın İsviçre'si kullanılmaktadır. Fakat, son yirmi yılda demokratik sistem oklokrasiye doğru evrilmiştir. Hukuk düzenine bağlı olan demokrasiden farklı olarak oklokrasi kalabalığın kaprislerinin yönetimini çağrıştırır. Kırgızistan 2005'ten beri birçok ayaklanmalara ve devrimlere tanıklık etmiştir. Demokratik seçimler sonucu başa gecen üç başkan büyük protestolar sonucu görevinden ayrılmak zorunda bırakılmış, siyasi istikrar zarar görmüştür. Bu çalışma Kırgızistan'da üç liderin protestolar sonucu görevinden ayrılmasına neden olan politik süreçleri inceleme amacı taşımaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma kurulmasına yol açan faktörleri kapsayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera (2021). Kyrgyzstan’s Sadyr Japarov: From a prison cell to the presidency. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/1/12/sadyr-japarov-from-a-prison-cell-to-the-presidency (accessed 04 December 2022).
  • BBC (2014). Kyrgyzstan profile - Leaders President: Almazbek Atamba-yev. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16187957 (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Berdikeeva, Saltanat (2006). National Identity in Kyrgyzstan: the Case of Clan Politics. New York: Eurasia 21.
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung. (2016). BTI 2016 Country Report Kyrgyzstan. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung (2020). BTI 2020 Country Report Kyrgyzstan. Gü-tersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  • Bunce, Valere, Jay and Sharon L. Wolchik (2011). Defeating Authorita-rian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chayes, Sarah (2016). The Structure of Corruption in Kyrgyzstan. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/9_Kyrgyzstan_Full_Web1.pdf (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Cicero (2008). De Re Publica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Country Watch (2020). Kyrgyzstan Country Review. Houston: Country Watch.
  • Engvall, Johan (2007). Kyrgyzstan: Anatomy of a State. Problems of Post-Communism 54(4), 33–45.
  • Eshaliyeva, Kamila (2019). In Kyrgyzstan, the standoff between the old regime and the new authorities reaches new heights. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/kyrgyzstan-president-immunity-standoff/ (accessed 31 October 2022).
  • European Parliament (2020). Another revolution in Kyrgyzstan?. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/659300/EPRS_ATA(2020)659300_EN.pdf (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Furstenberg, Saipira and Gulzat Botoeva (2020). Political unrest in Kyrgyzstan: between old and new hopes. https://fpc.org.uk/political-unrest-in-kyrgyzstan-between-old-and-new-hopes/ (accessed: 20 October 2022).
  • Harwell, Drew et al. (13 January 2021). QAnon reshaped Trump’s party and radicalized believers. The Capitol siege may just be the start. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/13/qanon-capitol-siege-trump/ (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Hasanovic, Jasmin (2015). Ochlocracy in the Practices of Civil Society: A Threat for Democracy?. Studia Juridica Et Politica Jaurinensin, 56–72.
  • Ibraev, Omurbek (2016). Cost of Politics in Kyrgyzstan. London: West-minister Foundation of Democracy.
  • Ismailbekova, Aksana (2018). Mapping Lineage Leadership in Kyrgyzs-tan: Lineage Associations and Informal Governance. Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie, 143, 195–220.
  • Kamitake, Yoshiro (2007). From Democracy to Ochlocracy. Hitotsubas-hi Journal of Economics, 48, 83–93.
  • Kaye, Josie Lianna (2018). Kyrgyzstan 2010-17. United Nations Univer-sity. https://i.unu.edu/media/cpr.unu.edu/attachment/2853/RC-Project-Kyrgyzstan.pdf (accessed 26 December 2022).
  • Kennedy, Ryan (2014). Fading Colours? A Synthetic Comparative Case Study of the Impact of "Colour Revolutions". Comparative Politics, 46, 273–292.
  • Kyrgyzstan Inquiry Commission. (2010). "Report of the Independent In-ternational Commission of Inquiry into the Events in Southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2020". https:/b/reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_490.pdf (ac-cessed: 29 October 2022).
  • Lang, Andrew, F. (19 January 2021). Hamilton and Lincoln warned of a mobocracy. Trump brought their fears to life. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/19/hamilton-lincoln-warned-mobocracy-trump-brought-their-fears-life/ (accessed 21 December 2022).
  • Lincoln, Abraham (1837). Opposition to Mob-Rule. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2653/2653-h/2653-h.htm#link2H_4_0018 (ac-cessed 21 December 2022).
  • Madame Chiang Kai-Shek (1943). "The “Rule of Law” Democracy vs. Ochlocracy. Vital Speeches of the Day, 547–549.
  • Madison, James (1787). Federalist No.10 The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection. https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493273 (accessed 21 December 2022).
  • Marat, Erica (2006). The Tulip Revolution: Kyrgyzstan One Year After. Washington D.C.: The Jamestown Foundation.
  • Marat, Erica (2008). National Ideology and State-Building in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Washington D.C.: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Marat, Erica (2012). Kyrgyzstan: A Parliamentary System Based On In-ter-Elite Consensus. Demokratizatsiya, 325–345.
  • Nichol, Jim (2010). The April 2010 Coup in Kyrgyzstan and its After-math: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41178.pdf (accessed 26 October 2022).
  • Nogoibaeva, Elmira (2018). Anniversary of Jeenbekov’s Reign: The Main Dilemmas of the President. https://cabar.asia/en/anniversary-of-jeenbekov-s-reign-the-main-dilemmas-of-the-president (accessed 01 December 2022).
  • Olcott, Martha Brill (2010). Instability in Krgyzstan: The International Response. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/0727_testimony_olcott.pdf (ac-cessed 29 November 2022).
  • Polybius. (1979). The Histories III. Princeton and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Radnitz, Scott (2005). Networks, localism and mobilization in Aksy, Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 24(4), 405–424.
  • Radnitz, Scott (2006). What really happened in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 132–146.
  • Radnitz, Scott (2010). Weapons of the Wealthy Predatory Regimes and Elite-led Protests in Central Asia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Rezvani, Babak (2013). Understanding and Explaining the Kyrgyz–Uzbek Interethnic Confl ict in Southern Kyrgyzstan. Anthropology of the Midd-le East, 8(2), 60–81.
  • Sarı, Yaşar (2010). Kırgızistan’da İktidarın El Değiştirmesi: Akayev ve Bakiyev’in Düşüşü. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Araştırmaları 5(9), 27–47.
  • Schmitz, Andrea (2021). Revolution Again in Kyrgyzstan: Forward to the Past?. https://www.swp-ber-lin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2021C08_RevolutionKyrgyzstan.pdf (accessed 01 December 2022).
  • Sinnott, Peter (2007). Kyrgyzstan: A Political Overview. American Fore-ign Policy Interests, 29, 427–436.
  • Soltobaev, Aziz (2005). New Authorities Blame Akayev’s Rule for Eco-nomic Downfall and Corruption. https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/field-reports/item/9918-field-reports-caci-analyst-2005-5-4-art-9918.html?tmpl=component&print=1 (accessed 21 October 2022).
  • Tudoroiu, Theodor (2007). Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed Post-Soviet Revolutions. Communist & Post-Communist Studies, 40, 315–342.
  • Umarov, Temur (26 October 2020). Who’s In Charge Following Revo-lution in Kyrgyzstan? https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/10/26/whos-in-charge-following-revolution-in-kyrgyzstan-a71856 (accessed 02 December 2022).
  • U.S. Embassy in the Kyrgyz Republic (2021). U.S. Embassy Statement on Kamchybek Kolbaev’s Release. https://kg.usembassy.gov/u-s-embassy-statement-on-kamchybek-kolbaevs-release/ (accessed 02 December 2022).
  • Wlodek, Ludwika (2020). Clan war instead of fighting coronavirus and corruption. Opinion and Analysis, 109–114.

EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 49 - 68, 30.06.2023

Öz

Kyrgyzstan has been considered as an exception in Central Asia since its independence because its relatively democratic rule has been considered as an exception in the Central Asian countries where the strongman rule has become prevalent. The popular term the Switzerland of Central Asia has been used to refer Kyrgyzstan. Yet, the democratic system has evolved into ochlocracy (mob rule) especially for the last two decades. Different from democracy, which was based on the rule of law, ochlocracy refers to rule of the caprices of the mob. Kyrgyzstan has witnessed several upheavals and revolutions since 2005. Democratically elected three presidents have been ousted because of the mass protests, damaging the political stability. This study aims at examining the political process in Kyrgyzstan, which experienced the ouster of three heads of the state as a result of popular demonstrations. Furthermore, this study will cover the factors that paved the way of ochlocratic rule in Kyrgyzstan and uprisings.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera (2021). Kyrgyzstan’s Sadyr Japarov: From a prison cell to the presidency. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/1/12/sadyr-japarov-from-a-prison-cell-to-the-presidency (accessed 04 December 2022).
  • BBC (2014). Kyrgyzstan profile - Leaders President: Almazbek Atamba-yev. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16187957 (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Berdikeeva, Saltanat (2006). National Identity in Kyrgyzstan: the Case of Clan Politics. New York: Eurasia 21.
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung. (2016). BTI 2016 Country Report Kyrgyzstan. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  • Bertelsmann Stiftung (2020). BTI 2020 Country Report Kyrgyzstan. Gü-tersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung.
  • Bunce, Valere, Jay and Sharon L. Wolchik (2011). Defeating Authorita-rian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Chayes, Sarah (2016). The Structure of Corruption in Kyrgyzstan. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/9_Kyrgyzstan_Full_Web1.pdf (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Cicero (2008). De Re Publica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Country Watch (2020). Kyrgyzstan Country Review. Houston: Country Watch.
  • Engvall, Johan (2007). Kyrgyzstan: Anatomy of a State. Problems of Post-Communism 54(4), 33–45.
  • Eshaliyeva, Kamila (2019). In Kyrgyzstan, the standoff between the old regime and the new authorities reaches new heights. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/kyrgyzstan-president-immunity-standoff/ (accessed 31 October 2022).
  • European Parliament (2020). Another revolution in Kyrgyzstan?. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/659300/EPRS_ATA(2020)659300_EN.pdf (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Furstenberg, Saipira and Gulzat Botoeva (2020). Political unrest in Kyrgyzstan: between old and new hopes. https://fpc.org.uk/political-unrest-in-kyrgyzstan-between-old-and-new-hopes/ (accessed: 20 October 2022).
  • Harwell, Drew et al. (13 January 2021). QAnon reshaped Trump’s party and radicalized believers. The Capitol siege may just be the start. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/13/qanon-capitol-siege-trump/ (accessed 30 November 2022).
  • Hasanovic, Jasmin (2015). Ochlocracy in the Practices of Civil Society: A Threat for Democracy?. Studia Juridica Et Politica Jaurinensin, 56–72.
  • Ibraev, Omurbek (2016). Cost of Politics in Kyrgyzstan. London: West-minister Foundation of Democracy.
  • Ismailbekova, Aksana (2018). Mapping Lineage Leadership in Kyrgyzs-tan: Lineage Associations and Informal Governance. Zeitschrift Für Ethnologie, 143, 195–220.
  • Kamitake, Yoshiro (2007). From Democracy to Ochlocracy. Hitotsubas-hi Journal of Economics, 48, 83–93.
  • Kaye, Josie Lianna (2018). Kyrgyzstan 2010-17. United Nations Univer-sity. https://i.unu.edu/media/cpr.unu.edu/attachment/2853/RC-Project-Kyrgyzstan.pdf (accessed 26 December 2022).
  • Kennedy, Ryan (2014). Fading Colours? A Synthetic Comparative Case Study of the Impact of "Colour Revolutions". Comparative Politics, 46, 273–292.
  • Kyrgyzstan Inquiry Commission. (2010). "Report of the Independent In-ternational Commission of Inquiry into the Events in Southern Kyrgyzstan in June 2020". https:/b/reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_490.pdf (ac-cessed: 29 October 2022).
  • Lang, Andrew, F. (19 January 2021). Hamilton and Lincoln warned of a mobocracy. Trump brought their fears to life. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/01/19/hamilton-lincoln-warned-mobocracy-trump-brought-their-fears-life/ (accessed 21 December 2022).
  • Lincoln, Abraham (1837). Opposition to Mob-Rule. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2653/2653-h/2653-h.htm#link2H_4_0018 (ac-cessed 21 December 2022).
  • Madame Chiang Kai-Shek (1943). "The “Rule of Law” Democracy vs. Ochlocracy. Vital Speeches of the Day, 547–549.
  • Madison, James (1787). Federalist No.10 The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection. https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers/text-1-10#s-lg-box-wrapper-25493273 (accessed 21 December 2022).
  • Marat, Erica (2006). The Tulip Revolution: Kyrgyzstan One Year After. Washington D.C.: The Jamestown Foundation.
  • Marat, Erica (2008). National Ideology and State-Building in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Washington D.C.: Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program.
  • Marat, Erica (2012). Kyrgyzstan: A Parliamentary System Based On In-ter-Elite Consensus. Demokratizatsiya, 325–345.
  • Nichol, Jim (2010). The April 2010 Coup in Kyrgyzstan and its After-math: Context and Implications for U.S. Interests. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41178.pdf (accessed 26 October 2022).
  • Nogoibaeva, Elmira (2018). Anniversary of Jeenbekov’s Reign: The Main Dilemmas of the President. https://cabar.asia/en/anniversary-of-jeenbekov-s-reign-the-main-dilemmas-of-the-president (accessed 01 December 2022).
  • Olcott, Martha Brill (2010). Instability in Krgyzstan: The International Response. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/0727_testimony_olcott.pdf (ac-cessed 29 November 2022).
  • Polybius. (1979). The Histories III. Princeton and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd.
  • Radnitz, Scott (2005). Networks, localism and mobilization in Aksy, Kyrgyzstan. Central Asian Survey, 24(4), 405–424.
  • Radnitz, Scott (2006). What really happened in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 132–146.
  • Radnitz, Scott (2010). Weapons of the Wealthy Predatory Regimes and Elite-led Protests in Central Asia. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • Rezvani, Babak (2013). Understanding and Explaining the Kyrgyz–Uzbek Interethnic Confl ict in Southern Kyrgyzstan. Anthropology of the Midd-le East, 8(2), 60–81.
  • Sarı, Yaşar (2010). Kırgızistan’da İktidarın El Değiştirmesi: Akayev ve Bakiyev’in Düşüşü. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Araştırmaları 5(9), 27–47.
  • Schmitz, Andrea (2021). Revolution Again in Kyrgyzstan: Forward to the Past?. https://www.swp-ber-lin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2021C08_RevolutionKyrgyzstan.pdf (accessed 01 December 2022).
  • Sinnott, Peter (2007). Kyrgyzstan: A Political Overview. American Fore-ign Policy Interests, 29, 427–436.
  • Soltobaev, Aziz (2005). New Authorities Blame Akayev’s Rule for Eco-nomic Downfall and Corruption. https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/field-reports/item/9918-field-reports-caci-analyst-2005-5-4-art-9918.html?tmpl=component&print=1 (accessed 21 October 2022).
  • Tudoroiu, Theodor (2007). Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed Post-Soviet Revolutions. Communist & Post-Communist Studies, 40, 315–342.
  • Umarov, Temur (26 October 2020). Who’s In Charge Following Revo-lution in Kyrgyzstan? https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/10/26/whos-in-charge-following-revolution-in-kyrgyzstan-a71856 (accessed 02 December 2022).
  • U.S. Embassy in the Kyrgyz Republic (2021). U.S. Embassy Statement on Kamchybek Kolbaev’s Release. https://kg.usembassy.gov/u-s-embassy-statement-on-kamchybek-kolbaevs-release/ (accessed 02 December 2022).
  • Wlodek, Ludwika (2020). Clan war instead of fighting coronavirus and corruption. Opinion and Analysis, 109–114.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gökhan Tekir Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tekir, G. (2023). EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, 7(1), 49-68.
AMA Tekir G. EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN. IJSHS. Haziran 2023;7(1):49-68.
Chicago Tekir, Gökhan. “EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 7, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 49-68.
EndNote Tekir G (01 Haziran 2023) EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 7 1 49–68.
IEEE G. Tekir, “EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN”, IJSHS, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 49–68, 2023.
ISNAD Tekir, Gökhan. “EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences 7/1 (Haziran 2023), 49-68.
JAMA Tekir G. EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN. IJSHS. 2023;7:49–68.
MLA Tekir, Gökhan. “EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN”. International Journal of Social And Humanities Sciences, c. 7, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 49-68.
Vancouver Tekir G. EVOLUTION OF OCHLOCRACY IN KYRGYZSTAN. IJSHS. 2023;7(1):49-68.