NEW TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: INSIGHTS FROM CONTEMPORARY TURKISH FIRMS INCLUDING BORN GLOBALS

Öz

Academic literature has examined phenomenon of entrepreneurship more than two decades and this phenomenon associated with entrepreneurial activity. OECD defines the entrepreneurial activity as the enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity, by identifying and exploiting new products, process or markets. Present study analyses international entrepreneurship in the lights of contemporary Turkish firms including born globals. We used case studies and literature review to better understand the early internalization phenomenon and provide useful information about international success of Turkish firms. Six of the considered firms are web based technology companies and most of them have born global firms’ features. The findings indicated that majority of the firms are technology companies and they had a strong international outlook and international entrepreneurial orientation and they possess a strong entrepreneurial mindset

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Entrepreneurship, Born Globals, Turkish Firms

Kaynakça

1. Andersson, Svante, & Wictor, Ingemar (2003). Innovative internationalization in new firms: Born globals-the Swedish case. Journal of International Entrepreneurship. Vol.1, No:3, pp.249–276.
2. Barnes, Liz, & Lea-Greenwood, Gaynor (2006). Fast fashioning the supply chain: Shaping the research agenda, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. Vol.10, No:3, pp. 259-271.
3. Bhardwaj, Vertica; Eickman, Megan, & Runyan, Rodney C. (2011). A case study on the internationalization process of a ‘born-global’ fashion retailer. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. Vol.21, No:3, pp. 293-307.
4. Cambridge Dictionary (2012). http://dictionary.cambridge.org/spellcheck/english/ (Accessed: 02.12.2014)
5. Cannone, Giusy; Costantino, Gaia; Pisoni, Alessia & Onetti, Alberto (2012). Drivers of International development for born global companies founded by Italian entrepreneurs. Paper submitted to the AIB 2012-Annual Meeting, to be held in Washington, DC, June 30-July 3, 2012.
6. Denis, David J. (2004). Entrepreneurial finance: an overview of the issues and evidence. Journal of Corporate Finance. Vol.10 (2004), pp.301– 326.
7. Falay, Zeynep; Salimaki, Markku; Ainoma, Antti & Gabrielsson, Mika (2007). Design- intensive born globals: A multiple case study of marketing management, Journal of Marketing Management. Vol.23, No:9/10, pp. 877-899.
8. Freeman Susan; Edwards, Ron, & Schrader, Bill (2006). How smaller born-global firms use networks and alliances to overcome constraints to rapid internationalization. Journal of International Marketing. Vol.14, No:3, pp. 33–63.

9. Halldin, Torbjörn (2010). Survival of born global firms - do employee characteristics matter for survival? Center of Excellence for Science and Innovation Studies, Electronic Working Paper Series. Paper No. 271.
10. Hashai, Niron (2011). Global service multinationals from a small open economy – The case of Israeli high-tech service providers, in ravi ramamurti, The Future of Foreign Direct Investment and the Multinational Enterprise (Research in Global Strategic Management. Vol.15, pp. 335-353.
11. Jantunen, Ari; Nummela, Niina; Puumalainen, Kaisu & Saarenketo, Sami (2008). Strategic orientations of born globals-Do they really matter? Journal of World Business. Vol.43, No:2, pp.158-170.
12. Karra, Neri; Phillips, Nelson & Tracey, Paul (2008). Building the born global firm: Developing entrepreneurial capabilities for International new venture success. Long Range Planning. Vol.41, No:4, pp.440-458.
13. Knight, Gary A., & S. Tamer Cavusgil, (2004). Innovation, organizational capabilities, and the born-global firm. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol.35 No:2, pp.124-141.
14. Knight, Gary. A., & S. Tamer Cavusgil, (1996). The born global firm: A challenge to traditional internationalization theory. Advances in International Marketing, Vol.8, pp. 11-26.
15. Kudina, Alina; Yip, George, & Barkema, Harry (2008). Born global. Business Strategy Review. Vol.19, No:4, pp.38-44.
16. Lewin, Aria Y. & Massini, Silvia (2003). Knowledge creation and organizational capabilities of innovating and imitating firms', in H. T soukas and N. Mylonopoulos (eds.) Organizations as Knowledge Systems, Palgrave: Basingstoke.
17. Massini Silvia; Lewin Arie Y. & Greve, H. R. (2003). Comparisons groups and the adaptation patterns of organizational routines. Presented at the I. IRASEAT conference “Knowledge and economic and social change: New challenges to innovation studies”, Manchester, 7-9 April 2003.
18. McDougall, Patricia & Oviatt, Benjamin (2003). Some fundamental issues in international entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. July, (1-2).
19. Mets, Tönis & Kelli, Aleksei (2011). Are hi-tech “born global-s” really born global? Organizacijų Vadyba: Sisteminiai, Tyrima. 59 /2011.
20. Mort, Gillian & Weerawardena, Jay (2006). Networking capability and international entrepreneurship: How networks function in Australian born global firms. International Marketing Review. 23(5),549–572.
21. Nadim, Ahmad & Seymour, Richard, G. (2010). Defining entrepreneurial activity. Definitions supporting frameworks for data collection www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/62/39651330.pdf (Accessed: 02.02.2014)
22. Pezderka, Noemi; Sinkovics, Rudolf & Jean, Ruey, B. (2012). Do born global SMEs reap more benefits from ICT use than other internationalizing small firms? in Handbook of research on born globals, Mika Gabrielsson and V.H. Manek Kirpalani (Eds.). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, pp.185-213.
23. Ramunas, Casas; Monika, K., & Vilma, Danbrauskaite (2011). The Impact of External Business Environment Factors to Internationalization of “Born Global” Companies by Promoting Entrepreneurship. Transformations in Business & Economics. Vol.10, No:2, pp.389-400.
24. Rasmussen, Erik, S.; Madsen, Tage K., & Evangelista, Felicitas (2001). The founding of the born global company in Denmark and Australia: Sense making and networking. Asia Pac J Mark Log. Vol.13, No:3, pp.75-107.
25. Tanev, Stoyan (2012). Global from the Start: The characteristics of born-global firms in the technology sector. Technology Innovation Management Review. March, 2012.
26. Terence, Fan & Philip, Phan (2007). International new ventures: Revisiting the influences behind the 'born-global' firm. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol.38, No:2007, pp. 1113-1131.
27. Wickramasekera, Rumintha & Bamberry, Geoff (2003). Exploration of born globals/international new ventures: some evidence from the Australian wine industry. Australasian Journal of Regional Studies. Vol. 9, No:2, pp.207-220.
28. Yan, Lin & Panteli, Niki (2011). Order and disorder in a born global organization; new technology. Work and Employment. Vol.26, No:2, pp.127-145.
29. Zhang, Man; Sarker, Saonee & Sarker, Suprateek (2012). Drivers and export performance impacts of IT capability in ‘born-global’ firms: A cross-national study. Info System Journals (2012) 1-25.
30. Zhang, Man; Tansuhaj, Patriya & McCullough, James (2009). International entrepreneurial capability: The measurement and a comparison between born global firms and traditional experts in China. Journal of International Entrepreneur,Vol.7, pp. 292-322.
31. Zhou, Lianxi; Wu,Wei Ping & Xueming, Luo (2007). Internationalization and the performance of born-global SMEs: The mediating role of social networks. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.38, pp. 673-690.