DOES WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION IN LOCAL WATER MANAGEMENT LEAD TO BETTER MEETING WOMEN’S DOMESTIC WATER NEEDS?

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 43 - 62, 01.06.2013

Christina Geoffrey Mandara Anke Niehof Hilje van der Horst

https://izlik.org/JA93JN25CA

Öz

This paper focuses on the interface between gender roles in water provision and use at household and community level and its relationship with women’s practical and strategic gender needs. Data were collected in nine villages in the districts of Kondoa and Mpwapwa, Dodoma region in Tanzania. Results have shown that women gain more knowledge on the appropriateness of water for consumptive and productive uses while pursuing their reproductive roles in the provision and use of domestic water at the household level. However, social-cultural context limit women’s participation during designing and planning of water services at community level; ultimately their preferences and perceptions on the appropriateness of the domestic water are not integrated in the water projects. We recommend systematic analysis on the interdependence between women’s domestic water needs, their involvement in community management and the bigger picture of gender roles in society

Anahtar Kelimeler

Women’s gender needs , household-community interfaces , local water management

Kaynakça

• Agarwal, Bina (1994), A field of one's own: gender and land rights in South Asia.
• Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Agarwal, Bina (1997), "Bargaining" and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist Economics, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-51.
• Alsop, Ruth (1993), Whose interests? Problems in planning for women’s practical needs.
• World Development, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 367-377. Arouna, Aminou and Dabbert, Stephan (2010), Determinants of domestic water use by rural households without access to private improved water sources in Benin: A Seemingly
• Unrelated Tobit Approach. Water Resources Management, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 1381
• Bhandari, Betman and Grant, Miriam (2009), Strategic gender needs: The missing element in water supply projects of Nepal. Journal of Rural Development Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 199-207.
• Cleaver, Frances (1998), Incentives and informal institutions: Gender and the management of water. Agriculture and Human Values, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 347-360.
• Cleaver, Frances and Hamada, Kristin (2010), 'Good' water governance and gender equity: A troubled relationship. Gender and Development, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 27-41.
• Elmendorf, Mary and Isely Raymond (1983), Public and Private Roles of Women in
• Water Supply and Sanitation Programs. Human Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 195- Evans, Allison. (1991), Gender Issues in Rural Household Economics. IDS Bulletin, Vol. , No. 1, pp. 51-59.
• FAO. (2004), Rural households and resources: A pocket guide for extension workers.
• Rome, Italy: Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis Programme. Giné, Ricard and Pérez-Foguet, Agustí (2008), Sustainability assessment of national rural water supply program in Tanzania. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 327–
• Gleitsmann, Brett, Kroma, Margaret and Steenhuis, Tammo (2007), Analysis of a rural water supply project in three communities in Mali: Participation and sustainability.
• Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 142-150. Hadjer, Kerstin, Klein, Thamari and Schopp, Marion (2005). Water consumption embedded in its social context, north-western Benin. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,
• Parts A/B/C, Vol. 30, No. 6–7, pp. 357-364. Harvey, Peter and Reed, Robert (2004). Rural water supply in Africa: Building blocks for handpump sustainability: WEDC, Loughborough University, UK.
• Hemson, David (2002). “Women are weak when they are amongst men”: Women's participation in rural water committees in South Africa. Agenda Vol. 52, pp. 24-32.
• International Conference on Water and the Environment (1992). The Dublin Statement on
• Water and Sustainable Development http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/documents/english/icwedece.html#introduction Accessed 25 February 2013].
• Kabeer, Naila (1991), Gender, Production and Well-being: Rethinking the Household
• Economy. Discussion Paper 288. Brighton UK: Institute of Development Studies. Kabeer, Naila (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. London [etc.]: Verso.
• March, Candida, Smyth, Ines, and Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee (1999), A guide to gender- analysis frameworks. Oxford: Oxfam.
• Mokgope, Kgopotšo and Butterworth, John (2001), Rural water supply and productive uses: A rapid survey in the Sand River Catchment. Paper presented at the Water resources management and rural water supply, Acornhoek, South Africa.
• Moriarty, Patrick, Butterworth, John and Van Koppen, Barbara (2004), Beyond domestic: case studies on poverty and productive uses of water at the household level. Technical
• Paper Series; no. 41: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre. Moser, Caroline (1989), Gender planning in the third world: Meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Development, Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 1799-1825.
• Moser, Caroline (1993), Gender planning and development: theory, practice and training. London [etc.]: Routledge.
• Niehof, Anke (2004), A micro-ecological approach to home care for AIDS patients.
• Medische Antropologie, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 245-265. Niehof, Anke (2011), Conceptualizing the household as an object of study. International
• Journal of Consumer Studies, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 488-497. Rao, Aruna and Kelleher, David (2005), Is There Life after Gender Mainstreaming?
• Gender and Development, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 57-69. Rudie, Ingrid (1995), The significance of eating: co-operation, support and reputation in
• Kelantan Malay households. (In: Karim, Wazir -Ed., Male and Female in Developing Southeast Asia). Oxford: Berg Publishers. Sassatelli, Roberta (2007), Consumer Culture: History, Theory and Politics. London: Sage.
• Seager, Joni (2010), Gender and water: Good rhetoric, but it doesn’t “count”. Geoforum, (1), 1-3.
• Sever, Charlie (2005). Gender & Water: Mainstreaming gender equality in water, hygiene and sanitation interventions. Geneva. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).
• Singh, Nandita (2008), Equitable gender participation in local water governance: An insight into institutional paradoxes. Water Resources Management, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 942.
• Therkildsen, Ole (1988), Watering white elephants?: Lessons from donor funded planning and implementation of rural water supplies in Tanzania. Uppsala: Scandinavian
• Institute of African Studies. Thompson, John, Porras, Ina, Tumwine, James, Mujwahuzi, Mark, Katui-Katua, Munguti, Johnstone, Nicky and Wood, Libby (2001), Drawers of water II: 30 years of change in domestic water use & environmental health in East Africa. London:
• International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). URT (2002), National Water Policy. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: Government Printers.
• URT (2008), National Water Sector Development Strategy 2006 - 2015. Ministry of
• Water and Irrigation. URT (2009), Household Budget Survey 2007-Tanzania Mainland. National Bureau of
• Statistics. Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Van Koppen, Barbara (2001), Gender in integrated water management: An analysis of variation. Natural Resources Forum, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 299-312.
• Van Wijk-Sijbesma, Christine (1985), Participation of women in water supply and sanitation: Roles and realities. Technical paper No. 22. The Hague: IRC International
• Water and Sanitation Centre and UNDP/PROWWESS. Van Wijk-Sijbesma, Christine (1998), Gender in water resources management, water supply and sanitation: Roles and realities revisited. Technical paper No. 33-E. The Hague: IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre.
• Wilk, Richard (ed.) (1989), The Household Economy: Reconsidering the Domestic Mode of Production. Boulder, San Francisco, London: Westview Press.