EXAMINING THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT SURVEILLANCE ON COMMUNITIES IN EAST GERMANY AND NORTHERN IRELAND IN THE 1970S AND 1980S

Abstract

With the advent of the digital age, the world is at a surveillance crossroads; past tactics, such as wiretapping, are becoming obsolete. We are hurtling towards a world in which virtual information is accessed through covert data mining. Citizens have little or no protection from this intrusion, and moreover, little is known about the ways this information is used. The impact this will have on society and its influence on how we interact and communicate have yet to be determined.An historical look at the GDR and NI as examples of heavily monitored societies provides a unique perspective on the impact of surveillance. The main areas of focus will look at the impact on the citizen, the community, and the wider society. By undertaking a detailed examination of the literature and comparing how these two surveilled societies interacted during these periods of heavy surveillance, insight can be gained into the future impact on generations, living in the context of new advanced surveillance technologies.This paper will compare two surveillance states—East Germany, or the German Democratic Republic GDR , and Northern Ireland NI during the 70’s and 80’. With this historical context the aim is to examine the roles and impacts of surveillance operations on these two communities and constructing a detailed comparison between these two surveillance societies

Kaynakça

1. Albrecht, U. 1996. The role of social movements in the collapse of the German Democratic Republic. Global Society, 10(2), pp. 145–165.
2. Ash, T. G. 2009. The file: A personal history. 2nd ed. London: Atlantic Books.
3. Ball, K., 2009. Exposure: Exploring the subject of surveillance. Information Communication and Society, 12(5), pp. 639–657.
4. Boiler, D. 2013. Sousveillance as a response to surveillance. [Online]. [Accessed August 25 2017]. Available from: http://www.bollier.org/blog/sousveillance-response-surveillance
5. Brewer, J. and Rodgers, B. L. 1997. Crime in Ireland: 1945–1995—“Here be dragon.” Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6. Brucato, B. 2015. The new transparency: Police violence in the context of ubiquitous surveillance. Media and Communication. [Online]. 3(3), p. 39. [Accessed 10 June 2016] Available from: http://www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/ index.php/mediaandcommunication/article/view/292
7. Bruce, G. 2010. The firm: The inside story of the Stasi. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford Press.
8. Burton, F. 1979. Ideological social relations in Northern Ireland. British Journal of Sociology, 30(1), pp. 61–80.

9. Byrne, J., Gormley-Heenan, C., and Sturgeon, B. 2015. Public attitudes to peace walls (2015): Survey results, Belfast.
10. Cochrane, M. 2013. Security force collusion in Northern Ireland 1969–1999: Substance or symbolism? Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 36(1), pp. 77–97. Available from: http://search.lib.monash.edu.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/ openurl/MUA/MUL_SERVICES_PAGE?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=artic le&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Aibssshell&atitle=Security+force+collusion+in+Northern+Ireland+1969-1999%3A+
11. Cohen, J. 2000. Examined lives: Informational privacy and the subject as object. Stanford Law Review, 5(5), pp. 1373–1438.
12. Coogan, T. P. 2002. The troubles: Ireland’s ordeal and the search for peace. 1st ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
13. Deleuze, G. (1995). Negotiations. New York: Columbia University Press.
14. Feenan, D. 2002. Researching paramilitary violence in Northern Ireland. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 5(2), pp. 1364–5579. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/ journalInformation?journalCode=tsrm20%5Cnhttp://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tsrm20%5Cnhttp://dx.doi. org/10.1080/13645570110045972%5Cnhttp://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
15. Feldman, A. 2016. Memory theaters, virtual witnessing, and the trauma-aesthetic. JSTOR, 27(1), pp. 163–202.
16. Flusty, S. 1994. Building paranoia: The proliferation of interdictory space and the erosion of spatial justice. Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design.
17. Foucault, M. 1979. Discipline and punishment. New York: Vintage Books a division of Random House. Available from: http://medcontent.metapress.com/index/A65RM03P4874243N.pdf
18. Foucault, M. 1977. Security, territory, population. New York: St Martin’s Press.
19. Foucault, M. 1982. The subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8(4), p. 777.
20. Fulbrook, M. 1992. A German dictatorship: Power structures and political culture in the GDR, GER LIFE LETT, 45(4), pp. 376–392.
21. Gilliom, J., 2006. Struggling with surveillance: Resistance, consciousness, and identity. In Heggarty, K. & Ericson, R. The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility. Toronto, Buffalo, London: University of Toronto
22. Graham, S. 1998 Spaces of surveillant simulation: new technologies, digital representations, and material geographies. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 16: 483-504.
23. Hirschman, A. O. 1982. Shifting involvements: Private interest and public action. 20th anniversary ed. New Jersey: Princeton Press.
24. Jarausch, K. 2014. Between myth and reality: The Stasi legacy in German history. Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington DC , supplement 9, pp. 73–84.
25. Koskela, H. 2003. “Cam era”: The contemporary urban Panopticon. Surveillance & Society, 1(3), pp. 292–313.
26. Locke, J. J. 2010. Eavesdropping: An intimate history. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Lyon, D. 2001. Surveillance after September 11. Sociological Research Online, 11(6), p. 3.
28. Lyon, D. 2003. Surveillance as social sorting. Available from: http://books.google.com/books?hl=de&lr=&id=n- 6BH_5A1ToC&oi=fnd&pg=PA13&dq=surveillance+studies+history+of+policing&ots=KqR160BZ5T&sig=jMehShiXjF KcFaQ-WGMvkW49drI%5Cnhttp://books.google.de/books?hl=de&lr=&id=n-6BH_5A1ToC&oi=fnd&pg=PA13&dq=s urveillance+stud
29. Lyon, D. 2007. Surveillance studies: An overview. Cambridge: Polity Press.
30. Major, P. 2010. Behind the Berlin Wall: East German frontiers of power. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31. Myers, K. 2008. Watching the door: Cheating death in 1970s Belfast. London: Atlantic BooksMajor, P., 2010. Behind the Berlin Wall East German Frontiers of Power First Edit., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
32. Marx, G.T., 1974. Thoughts on a Neglected Category of Social Movement Participant : The Agent Provocateur and the Informant ’. Association for Jewish Studies Review, 80(2), pp.402–442.
33. Mary Fulbrook, 1992. A German Dictatorship: Power Structures and political culture in the GDR, German life and Letters, 45(4), pp.376–392.
34. Miller, B., 1997. THE STASI LEGACY : THE CASE OF THE INOFFIZIELLE Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Glasgow.
35. Nissenbaum, H. (2009) Privacy in Context: Technology, Policy, and the Integrity of Social Life , Stanford: Stanford University Press.
36. Norris, C. 2003. From personal to digital: CCTC, the Panopticon, and the technological mediation of suspicion and social control. In: Lyon, D. ed. Surveillance as social sorting: Privacy, risk, and digital discrimination. London: Routledge Press.
37. Norris, C. and Armstrong, G. 1999. The maximum surveillance society: The rise of CCTV. Oxford: Oxford Press, P.249-280
38. Ohm, P., 2009. the Rise and Fall of Invasive Isp Surveillance. University Of Illinois Law Review, (c), pp.1–90.
39. Parsons, C., 2015. Beyond Privacy: Articulating the Broader Harms of Pervasive Mass Surveillance. Media and Communication, 3(3), p.1. Available at: http://www.cogitatiopress.com/ojs/index.php/mediaandcommunication/ article/view/263.
40. Partickensburg, D. 2014, May 1. 26th session of the 1st Committee of Inquiry. Available from: https://wikileaks. org/bnd-nsa/sitzungen/26_01/page-55.html
41. Pfaff, S., 2001. The Limits of Coercive Surveillance Social and Penal Control in the German Democratic Republic. Punishment and Society, 3(3).
42. Popplewell, R.J., 1998. The KGB and the control of the Soviet bloc: The case of East Germany. Intelligence and National Security, 13(1), pp.254–285. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02684529808432470.
43. Philipsen, D. 1998. We were the people: Voices from East Germany’s revolutionary autumn of 1989. London: Duke University Press.
44. Solove, D. J. 1972. Nothing to hide: The false tradeoff between privacy and security. Yale: Yale University Press.
45. Solove, D. J. 2008. I’ve got nothing to hide and other misunderstandings of privacy. San Diego Law Review, Volume 44, pp.745–772.
46. Schuilenburg, M. (2015). The Securitization of Society: Crime, Risk, and Social Order. (D. Garland, Ed.) New York: NYU Press.
47. Starr, A., Fernandez, L., Amster, R., Wood, L., and Caro, M. 2008. The impacts of state surveillance on political assembly and association: A socio-legal analysis. Qualitative Sociology, 31(3), pp. 251–270.
48. Tabor, P. 2001. I am a videocam. In: Kerr, J., Rendell, J., and Pivaro, A. ed. The unknown city: Contesting architecture and social space. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 122–137.
49. Weber, M. 1978. Economy and society. Berkley: University of California Press.
50. Whyte, J., 1976. Interpretations of the Northern Ireland Problem: an Appraisal, Economic and Social Review, 9(4). p.257-282.
51. Wilson, R., 2016. Northern Ireland Peace Monitoring Report, NI Community Relations Council (July).
52. Zurawski, N., 2005. “ I Know Where You Live  ” – Aspects of Watching , Surveillance and Social Control in a Conflict Zone. Surveillance & Society, 2(4), pp.498–512.