TYPOMORPHOSIS: FROM AN OX HEAD TO THE LATIN A AND ITS DIGITAL AGE VARIATIONS

Abstract

There is a gap between the past and the present which is filling with memory entwined with collective memory. Memory does not only exist for an individual, but also a collection of memories representing a mere reflection of the collective domain. Memory is subjective so it has to be separated from history in Pierre Nora’s perception. Memory rests in a constant flux; it is combined with meanings and symbols attached one specific memory. Today’s world is lived by the past experience with the embodiment of past events and every social order creates a latent collective and social memory. Social memory is not a reconstruction of history; it is rather a construction of a society’s culture with symbolic representations. Meta- narrative developed by Lyotard's terms meaning to give a totalizing, comprehensive account to various historical events, experiences, and social, cultural phenomena based upon the appeal to universal truth or universal values. Metanarrative tries to explain various events in history, gives meaning by connecting disorderly events to some kind of universal knowledge. The term meta - narrative can be applied to range of thoughts including Marxism, religious doctrines, universal reason, etc. During the history of Turkish Republic, there have been unresolved political assassinations targeting journalists, academicians, authors, and poets. After each political assassination, there organized a commemorative ceremony which expresses moral continuity with the past. It is a transmission of memories of that person for a narrative. Each ceremony is organized by using cultural symbols attached to that assassination; they can be a protest or prize giving ceremony or just a gathering in the graveyard for remembrance. Although diverse in their nature, these ceremonies reflect themselves as a rejection of Lyotard’s conception of meta-narrative of the society since they replaced it with their local narrative. In this article, we’ll try to analyze the commemorative ceremonies of unresolved political assassinations which create a “present past” in Terdiman’s phrases.

Kaynakça

1. Allen, J.P., 2010. Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ambrose, G. & Harris, P., 2011. The Fundamentals of Typography. Lausanne: AVA Publishing.
2. Ambrose, G. & Harris, P., 2010. The Visual Dictionary of Typography. Lausanne: AVA Publishing.
3. Avrin, L., 2010. Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Chicago: American Library Association.
4. Baines, P. & Haslam A., 2005. Type & Typography. London: Laurence King Publishing.
5. Bernal, M., 1990. Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and Further West Before 1400 B.C. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
6. Calori, C. & Vanden-Eynden, D., 2015. Signage and Wayfinding Design: A Complete Guide to Creating Environmental Graphic Design Systems. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
7. Collier, M. & Manley, B., 2003. How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs: A Step-by-step Guide to Teach Yourself. Berkeley: University of California Press.
8. Collins, R.F.(Ed.), 2013. Editing Across Media: Content and Process for Print and Online Publication. Jefferson: McFarland.

9. Curtin, P.D., 1984. Cross - Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Ellison. A., 2006. The Complete Guide to Digital Type: Creative Use of Typography in the Digital Arts. London: Laurence King Publishing.
11. Faulmann, C., 2001. Yazi Kitabi: Tum Yerkurenin, Tum Zamanlarin Yazi Gostergeleri ve Alfabeleri. Istanbul: Turkiye Is Bankasi Kultur Yayinlari.
12. Fischer, S.R., 2001. A History of Writing. London: Reaktion Books.
13. Golden, J.M., 2004. Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives. Santa Barbara: ABC – CLIO.
14. Guntern, G., 2012. The Spirit of Creativity: Basic Mechanisms of Creative Achievements. Lanham: University Press America.
15. Isaawi, C., 1988. The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
16. Kuhrt, A., 1995. The Ancient Near East, C. 3000 – 330 BC. Volume I. London: Routledge. Lipiński, E., 2004. Itineraria Phoenicia. Leuven: Peeters.
17. Marston, E., 2001. The Phoenicians. New York: Marshall Cavendish.
18. Moorey, P.R.S., 1999. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archeological Evidence. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
19. Orlin, L.L., 2007. Life and Thought in the Ancient Near East. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
20. Pavlik, J.V., 2012. Media in the Digital Age. New York: Columbia University Press.
21. Powell, B.B., 2009. Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
22. Rees, F., 2006. Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books.
23. Robinson, A., 2007. Story of Writing. London: Thames & Hudson.
24. Taylor, I., 1995. The Alphabet: An Account of the Origin and Development of Letters. Volume I. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
25. Tselentis, J., 2011. Type Form & Function: A Handbook on the Fundamentals of Typography. Beverly: Rockport Publishing.
26. Wright, A., 2008. Glut: Mastering Information Through Ages. New York: Cornell University Press.