Sporda Sürdürülebilirlik: Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik Hakkında Bir Derleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 30 - 45, 30.06.2024

İlayda Esin Nazmi Bayköse

https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1493561

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, spor bilimleri alan yazınında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ile ilgili yapılmış olan araştırmaların gözden geçirilmesidir. Sürdürülebilirlik kavramı birçok alanda sıklıkla ele alınan bir konudur. Spor alanında ise birçok farklı sürdürülebilirlik çeşidi olarak karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. Sürdürülebilirlik alanı olarak çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ele alınmıştır. Spor ve çevre birbirinden ayrılmayan iki parçadır. Spor çevreyi etkilemekte ve çevresel farkındalık için spor aracı olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Spor etkinlikleri çevreyi etkilemektedir. Özellikle mega etkinlikler spor turizmiyle bir araya gelerek büyük etkilere sebep olmaktadır. Çevresel olarak önemli olumlu ve olumsuz etkilere sahiptirler. Bundan dolayı spor etkinlikleri ve sürdürülebilirlik ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Diğer taraftan spor turizmi büyük bir endüstridir ve birçok alanda etkiye sahiptir. Spor alanında ekonomik, çevresel ve sosyal birçok olumlu veya olumsuz çıktı yaratmaktadır. Bu yüzden spor turizmi ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik incelenmiştir. Ek olarak, sürdürülebilirliği spor alanında ilerlemesine katkıda bulunun spor kuruluşları ile ilgili çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Spor alanında çevresel sürdürülebilirlik en üst yönetimsel kurum olan Olimpiyat Komitesinin yaptığı gelişmeler, Uluslararası Federasyonların yaptığı çevresel hareketler ve diğer spor kuruluşlarının katkıda bulunduğu çevresel sürdürülebilirlik incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak alan yazında spor ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlikle ilgili spor etkinlikleri, spor turizmi ve spor kuruluşları hakkında yapılan araştırmalar gözden geçirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sürdürülebilirlik, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik, spor, spor turizmi, spor kuruluşları

Kaynakça

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organization Behaviour and Human Decision Process, 50, 179-211.
• Alexandris, K. ve Kaplanidou, K. (2014). Marketing sport event tourism: Sport tourist behaviors and destination provisions. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 23(3):125.
• Anagnostopoulos C., Byers T., Shilbury D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility in professional team sport organisations: towards a theory of decision-making. Eur. Sport Manage. Q. 14, 259–281. 10.1080/16184742.2014.897736
• Ardoin, N. M., Wheaton, M., Bowers, A. W., Hunt, C. A., ve Durham, W. H. (2015). Nature-based tourism’s impact on environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: A review and analysis of the literature and potential future research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(6), 838–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1024258
• Babiak K., Wolfe R. (2006). More than just a game? Corporate social responsibility and super bowl XL. Sport Market. Q. 15, 214–222.
• Babiak K., Wolfe R. (2009). Determinants of corporate social responsibility in professional sport: internal and external factors. J. Sport. Manage. 23, 717–742. 10.1123/jsm.23.6.717
• Babiak K., Wolfe R. (2013). Perspectives on social responsibility in sport, in Routledge Handbook of Sport and Corporate Social Responsibility, eds Paramio-Salcines J. L., Babiak K., Walters G. (London: Routledge).
• Babiak, K., ve Trendafilova, S. (2011). CSR and environmental responsibility: Motives and pressures to adopt green management practices. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 18(1), 11-24.
• Barrett, M., Bunds, K. S., Casper, J. M., ve Edwards, M. B. (2019). A descriptive analysis of corporate environmental responsibility in major league professional sport. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 11(3), 8.
• Bayle E. (2016). Olympic social responsibility: a challenge for the future. Sport Soc. 19, 752–766. 10.1080/17430437.2015.1108646
• Benckendorff P., Zehrer A. (2013). A network analysis of tourism research. Ann. Tour. Res. 43, 121–149. 10.1016/j.annals.2013.04.005
• Boggia, A., Massei, G., Paolotti, L., Rocchi, L. ve Schiavi, F. (2018). A model for measuring the environmental sustainability of events. Journal of Environmental Management, 206:836-845.
• Braksiek, M., Thormann, T. F., ve Wicker, P. (2021). Intentions of environmentally friendly behavior among sports club members: an empirical test of the theory of planned behavior across genders and sports. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 657183.
• Buscarini C., Cerroni F., Gabrielli S. F. (2021). Structuring sustainable sport events and achieving desirable impact on urban development, in Sport Governance and Operations, London: Routledge.
• Cantelon, H., ve Letters, M. (2000). The making of the IOC environmental policy as the third dimension of the Olympic movement. International review for the sociology of sport, 35(3), 294-308.
• Casper, J.M., McCulough, B.P. ve Pfahl, M.E. (2020). Examining environmental fan engagement initiatives through values and norms with intercollegiate sport fans. Sport Management Reviews, 23:348-360.
• Chouinard Y., ve Stanley, V. (2013). The responsible company: What we've learned from Patagonia's first 40 years. Patagonia.
• Dingle, G. W., ve Stewart, B. (2018). Playing the climate game: climate change impacts, resilience and adaptation in the climate-dependent sport sector. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(4-6), 293-314.
• Fangen K. (2010). Deltagende Observasjon, 2 Edn. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
• Force A., Manuel-Navarrete D., Benessaiah K. (2018). Tourism and transitions toward sustainability: developing tourists' pro-sustainability agency. Sustain. Sci. 13, 1–15. 10.1007/s11625-017-0448-y
• François A., Ferrand A., Bayle E. (2020). Towards a shared olympic responsibility: paradoxes and challenges, in Routledge Handbook of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, eds Chatziefstathiou D., García B., Séguin B. (London: Routledge; ). 10.4324/9780429440311-17
• Fredman P., Tyrväinen L. (2010). Frontiers in nature-based tourism. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 10, 177–189. 10.1080/15022250.2010.502365
• Fredman, P., Wall-Reinius, S., ve Lundberg, C. (2009). Turism i natur: Definitioner, omfattning, statistik.
• García-Muñoz M. E. (2013). The Implementation of the Environmental Pillar of Social Responsibility in the Strategic Management in International Federations Case Study: International Cycling Union (UCI). [master's research paper]. [Lausanne, Switzerland]: AISTS.
• Garren, S. J., ve Brinkmann, R. (2018). Sustainability definitions, historical context, and frameworks. In The Palgrave handbook of sustainability (pp. 1-18). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
• Gilmour, S. H. (2010). Ontario Snowmobile Tourism: Responses to Climate Variability and Change (Master's thesis, University of Waterloo).
• Hall, C.M. (1992). Adventure, sport and health tourism. In Special Interest Tourism; Hall, C.M., Weiler, B., Eds.; Pluto Press: London, UK, pp. 141–158.
• Hammerton, Z. (2017). Determining the variables that influence SCUBA diving impacts in eastern Australian marine parks. Ocean and Coastal Management, 142, 209– 217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.03.030
• Han, J. H., Nelson, C. M., ve Kim, C. (2015). Pro-environmental behavior in sport event tourism: Roles of event attendees and destinations. Tourism Geographies, 17(5), 719–737. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2015.1084037
• Harris, R. (2013). An exploration of the relationship between large-scale sporting events and education for sustainable development: The case of the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games. International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(17), 2069-2097. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2013.845173
• Hsiao, T. Y. (2018). A study of the effects of co-branding between low-carbon islands and recreational activities. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(5), 529–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1093466
• Inoue, Y., ve Kent, A. (2012). Investigating the role of corporate credibility in corporate social marketing: A case study of environmental initiatives by professional sport organizations. Sport management review, 15(3), 330-344. International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2020). Olympic Charter. Available at: https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/ENOlympic-Charter.pdf?_ga=2.183264870.134032987.1635629833-178050162.1635629833
• International Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). Climate change impacts 2014: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. New York: IPCC.
• IOC (2014). Olympic Agenda 2020. 20+20 Recommendations. Paris: Internatinal Olympic Committee. Available online at: https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Documents/OlympicAgenda-2020/Olympic-Agenda-2020-20-20-Recommendations.pdf
• ISO (2012). 20121: 2012 Event sustainability management systems - Requirements with guidance for use. ISO.
• ISO/TC 292. (2019). ISO 22379 Security and resilience—Guidelines for hosting and organizing large citywide events. ISO/TC 292 Online. Available online at: http://www.isotc292online.org/projects/iso-22379/
• Jensen, J. O., ve Tollin, N. (2004). Networks as tools for sustainable urban development.
• Jiménez-García, M., Ruiz-Chico, J., Peña-Sánchez, A. R., ve López-Sánchez, J. A. (2020). A bibliometric analysis of sports tourism and sustainability (2002–2019). Sustainability, 12(7), 2840.
• Jonasson M., Scherle N. (2012). Performing co-produced guided tours. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 12, 55–73. 10.1080/15022250.2012.655078
• Jonasson M., Smith P. (2017). Editorial. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 17, 331–332. 10.1080/15022250.2017.1330843
• Jones, B., Scott, D. ve Khaled, H.A. (2006). Implications of climate change for outdoor event planning: a case study of three special events in Canada’s national capital region. Event Management, 10:63-76.
• Kellison, T. B., ve Hong, S. (2015). The adoption and diffusion of pro-environmental stadium design. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(2), 249-269.
• Kellison, T., Trendafilova, S., ve McCullough, B. (2015). Considering the social impact of sustainable stadium design. Kurtzman, J., ve Zauhar, J. (2003). A wave in time-The sports tourism phenomena. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8(1), 35-47.
• Latiesa, M.; Paniza, J.L. (2006). Turistas Deportivos: Una perspectiva de análisis. Rev. Int. Soc., 64, 133–149. Mallen C., Stevens J., Adams L. J. (2011). A content analysis of environmental sustainability research in a sport-related journal sample. J. Sport. Manage. 25, 240–256. 10.1123/jsm.25.3.240
• Mallen, C. (2018). Robustness of the sport and environmental sustainability literature and where to go from here. In B. McCullough ve T. B. Kellison (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Sport and the Environment (pp. 11-35). Routledge. Mallen, C. ve Chard, C. (2011). A framework for debating the future of environmental sustainability in the sport academy. Sport Management Review, 14:424-433.
• Martins, R. I. G. F. (2021). The Commitment of Sport Tourism to Environmental Sustainability: An Application to the Consumption of International Surfing Events (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Lisboa (Portugal)). McCullough, B. P., Pfahl, M. E., ve Nguyen, S. N. (2016). The green waves of environmental sustainability in sport. Sport in Society, 19(7), 1040-1065.
• McCullough, B. P., ve Trendafilova, S. (2018). Industry-academic collaborations to advance sustainability. Sport and Entertainment Review, 4(3), 64-69.
• McCullough, B.P. ve Kellison, T.B. (2016). Go green for the home team: Sense of place and environmental sustainability in sport. Journal of Sustainability Education, 11(2):1-14.
• Morelli, J. (2011). Environmental sustainability: A definition for environmental professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1):1-9.
• Moyle, B. D., Hinch, T.D., Higham, J.E.S. (2018). Sport Tourism and Sustainable Destinations. Routledge. Nazari, R. (2021). The Analysis of Strategic Ecology of Sports Tourism. Sports Business Journal, 1(1), 153-162. NHO (2017). Mot et bærekraftig reiseliv. Veikart fra reiselivsnæringen. Available online at: https://www.nhoreiseliv.no/contentassets/b8ac6752ac3f463ebcc8ebb357121b07/veikart-barekraft.pdf (accessed February 15, 2021).
• Nicole, W. (2019). Mitigating climate impacts on athletes: sports guidelines may prevent exertional heat illness. Environmental health perspectives, 127(10), 104001.
• Nowak, A. S., Kennelley, G. E., Krabak, B. J., Roberts, W. O., Tenforde, K. M., ve Tenforde, A. S. (2022). Endurance Athletes and Climate Change. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 100118.
• O'Brien, D., ve Chalip, L. (2007). Executive training exercise in sport event leverage. International journal of culture, tourism and hospitality research, 1(4), 296-304.
• Otto, I. ve Heath, E.T. (2009). The potential contribution of the 2010 Soccer World Cup to climate change: an exploratory study among tourism industry stakeholders in the Tshwane Metropole of South Africa. Journal of Sport ve Tourism, 14(2-3):169-191.
• Pereira E. M., Mykletun R. J. (2012). Guides as contributors to sustainable tourism? a case study from the Amazon. Scand. J. Hosp. Tour. 12, 74–94. 10.1080/15022250.2012.663558
• Pigeassou, C. (2004). Contribution to the definition of sport tourism. Journal of Sport ve Tourism, 9(3), 287-289. Powell R. B., Ham S. H. (2008). Can ecotourism interpretation really lead to pro-conservation knowledge, attitudes and behaviour? evidence from the Galapagos Islands. J. Sustain. Tour. 16, 467–489. 10.1080/09669580802154223
• Prakash M., Chowdhary N., Sunayana. (2011). Tour guiding: interpreting the challenges. Tourismos 6, 65–81.
• Purdie, H., Hutton, J. H., Stewart, E., ve Espiner, S. (2020). Implications of a changing alpine environment for geotourism: A case study from Aoraki/Mount Cook, New Zealand. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 29, Article 100235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2019.100235
• Randall C., Rollins R. B. (2009). Visitor perceptions of the role of tour guides in natural areas. J. Sustain. Tour. 17, 357–374. 10.1080/09669580802159727
• Sandell, K. (2003). Begrepppet friluftsliv: Som en trebent pall. Argaladei: Friluftsliv–en livsstil, (1), 10-11.
• Scott, D. (2019). The climate change transformation of global tourism. In A research Agenda for sustainable tourism (pp. 90-106). Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Seraphin, H., Gowreesunkar, V., Zaman, M., ve Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S. (2019). Community based festivals as a tool to tackle tourismphobia and antitourism movements. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 39, 219-223.
• Smith, A.C.T. ve Westerbeek, H.M. (2007). Sport as a vehicle for deploying corporate social responsibility. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 25(March):43-54.
• Tangen, J. O. (2021). Is Sport Sustainable?—It Depends!. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 679762.
• Trail, G. T., ve McCullough, B. P. (2020). Marketing sustainability through sport: Testing the sport sustainability campaign evaluation model. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(2), 109-129.
• Trendafilova, S., McCullough, B., Pfahl, M., Nguyen, S. N., Casper, J., ve Picariello, M. (2014). Environmental sustainability in sport: Current state and future trends. Global Journal on Advances Pure and Applied Sciences, 3.
• Turner A. C., Dobson N., Savage P. (2011). Sport and Social Responsibility: Planning, Implementing and Evaluation Effective Sport and CSR Programmes. London: Sport Business Group.
• Uğurlu, A., ve Esin, İ. (2023). Spor Turizmine Genel Bir Bakış. Spor Bilimleri Üzerine Araştırmalar-V, 51.
• UNEP (2013). Impact of the Environment on Sport. [Online] Available from: www.unep.org/sport_env/impactEnv_Sport.aspx [Accessed: 2013-07-06].
• Vaugeois, N., Parker, P., ve Yang, Y. (2017). Is leisure research contributing to sustainability? A systematic review of the literature. Leisure/Loisir, 41(3), 297– 322. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2017.1360151
• Vold T. (2015). ≪ Venner på tur≫. Naturguiding som relasjonell kunnskap. Doctoral dissertation. The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo.
• Weiler B., Black R. (2015). Tour Guiding Research. Insights, Issues and Implications. Bristol: Channel View Publications. 10.21832/9781845414696
• Weiler B., Kim A. K. (2011). Tour guides as agents of sustainability: rhetoric, reality and implications for research. Tour. Recreat. Res. 36, 113–125. 10.1080/02508281.2011.11081313
• Wicker, P. (2018). The carbon footprint of active sport tourists: an empirical analysis of skiers and boarders. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(2), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2017.1313706
• Wicker, P. (2019). The carbon footprint of active sport participants. Sport Management Review, 22(4), 513-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.07.001
• Zeimers G., Anagnostopoulos C., Zintz T., Willem A. (2019). Examining collaboration among nonprofit organizations for social responsibility programs. Nonprofit Voluntary Sector Q. 48, 953–974. 10.1177/0899764019837616
• Zeimers G., Lefebvre A., Winand M., Anagnostopoulos C., Zintz T., Willem A. (2021). Organisational factors for corporate social responsibility implementation in sport federations: a qualitative comparative analysis. Euro. Sport Manage. Q. 21, 173–193. 10.1080/16184742.2020.1731838