Ticari Karanfil Yağı Kompozisyonuna Kalite ve Güvenirlilik Açısından Bir Bakış

Öz

Eugenia caryophyllata L. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae) -karanfil- tropikal/subtropikal iklim koşullarında yetiştirilen ve çiçek tomurcuklarından esansiyel yağı elde edilerek kullanılan bir türdür. Elde edilen bu esansiyel yağ kozmetik, gıda ve temizlik endüstrilerinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca geleneksel tıpta, diş ağrısını hafifletmek ve iyileşmeyi desteklemek için topikal olarak uygulandığı da bilinmektedir. Karanfil esansiyel yağı pek çok biyoaktif kimyasalı bünyesinde barındırmaktadır ve ana bileşeni öjenoldür. Ticari olarak aktarlarda ve eczanelerde satılan karanfil yağları da diş ağrılarında geleneksel olarak kullanılmaktadır. Satışa sunulan bu ürünlerin oral kullanımlardaki içerik endişesi sebebiyle halk sağlığı açısından önemli olduğu düşünülerek aktardan satın alınan bir örnek karanfil yağı, Gaz Kromatografi-Kütle Spektroskopisi (GC-MS) yöntemi ile analiz edilerek kimyasal profili belirlenmiş; analiz sonuçları, Eugenia caryophyllata tomurcuklarının toplanıp, su buharı distilasyonuyla elde edilen orijinal uçucu yağın GC-MS aktivite sonuçlarının yayınlandığı araştırma makaleleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçta, esansiyel yağda aktif bileşen öjenolün ve öjenol asetatın miktarlarının olması gerekenden düşük olduğu, oleik asit katkısının bulunduğu belirlenmiş, ancak toksik maddeler tespit edilmemiştir. Araştırmamız bir ön araştırma mahiyetinde olup diğer araştırmacılara fikir vermek ve dikkat çekmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eugenia caryophyllata
• Esansiyel yağ
• Gaz Kromatografi-Kütle Spektroskopisi
• öjenol

A Perspective on the Quality and Reliability of Commercial Clove Oil Composition

Öz

Eugenia caryophyllata L. Merr. & Perry (Myrtaceae), commonly known as clove, is a species cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates from which essential oil is extracted from the flower buds. This essential oil is widely utilized in the cosmetics, food, and cleaning industries. Additionally, it is known to be applied topically in traditional medicine for the alleviation of toothache and to support healing. Clove essential oil contains numerous bioactive compounds, with eugenol being the primary component. Clove oils available commercially in herbal shops and pharmacies traditionally relieve tooth pain. Given the public health concerns regarding the contents of these products for oral use, a sample of clove oil purchased from a herbal shop was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine its chemical profile. The analytical results were compared with published research articles reporting the GC-MS activity results of the original essential oil obtained from the steam distillation of Eugenia caryophyllata buds. The findings indicated that the concentrations of the active components eugenol and eugenol acetate were lower than expected, and oleic acid was identified as an additive; however, no toxic substances were detected. This study serves as a preliminary investigation to provide insights and draw attention for further research.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Eugenia caryophyllata
• Essential oil
• Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
• Eugenol

Kaynakça

1. Askari, V. R., Najafi, Z., & Rahimi, V. B. (2023). Syzygium aromaticum – Role in oral health and dental care. In Pharmacological Studies in Natural Oral Care (pp. 499–518).
2. Başer, K. H. C. (2014). Karanfil (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry). BagBahce, 26–27.
3. Bülbül, H. E., & Yıldırım, Y. (2024). Seçilen tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler için Türkiye ve G-8 ülkelerinin ticaret paterninin değişimi. Parion Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 3(1), 71–93.
4. Chaieb, K., Hajlaoui, H., Zmantar, T., Kahla‐Nakbi, A. B., Rouabhia, M., Mahdouani, K., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). The chemical composition and biological activity of clove essential oil, Eugenia caryophyllata (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): A short review. Phytotherapy Research, 21(6), 501–506.
5. Chaieb, K., Zmantar, T., Ksouri, R., Hajlaoui, H., Mahdouani, K., Abdelly, C., & Bakhrouf, A. (2007). Antioxidant properties of the essential oil of Eugenia caryophyllata and its antifungal activity against a large number of clinical Candida species. Mycoses, 50(5), 403–406.
6. Daina, A., Michielin, O., & Zoete, V. (2017). SwissADME: A free web tool to evaluate pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and medicinal chemistry friendliness of small molecules. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 42717.
7. Dar, R. A., Shahnawaz, M., & Qazi, P. H. (2017). General overview of medicinal plants: A review. The Journal of Phytopharmacology, 6(6), 349–351.
8. Es, I., Khaneghah, A. M., & Akbariirad, H. (2017). Global regulation of essential oils. In Essential oils in food processing: Chemistry, safety and applications (pp. 327–338).

9. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. (2010). European pharmacopoeia (Vol. 1). European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare, Council of Europe.
10. Goon, D. E., Sheikh Abdul Kadir, S. H., Latip, N. A., Rahim, S. A., & Mazlan, M. (2019). Palm oil in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery systems. Biomolecules, 9(2), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9020064
11. Halder, S., Mehta, A. K., Kar, R., Mustafa, M., Mediratta, P. K., & Sharma, K. K. (2011). Clove oil reverses learning and memory deficits in scopolamine-treated mice. Planta Medica, 77(8), 830–834.
12. Kong, Q. L., Song, Y. Z., Zhang, L. L., Chen, L. Y., & Li, Q. F. (2004). Natural antifungal compounds from Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. et Perry.
13. Maunz, A., Gütlein, M., Rautenberg, M., Vorgrimmler, D., Gebele, D., & Helma, C. (2013). Lazar: A modular predictive toxicology framework. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 38.
14. Mahboubi, M. (2015). Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(4), 967–975.
15. Manion, C. R., & Widder, R. M. (2017). Essentials of essential oils. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 74(9), e153–e162.
16. Öztürk, A., & Özbek, H. (2005). The anti-inflammatory activity of Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil: An animal model of anti-inflammatory activity. European Journal of General Medicine, 2(4), 159–163.
17. Pires, D. E., Blundell, T. L., & Ascher, D. B. (2015). pkCSM: Predicting small-molecule pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties using graph-based signatures. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 58(9), 4066–4072.
18. Pulikottil, S., & Nath, S. (2015). Potential of clove of Syzygium aromaticum in development of a therapeutic agent for periodontal disease: A review. South African Dental Journal, 70(3), 108–115.
19. Raies, A. B., & Bajic, V. B. (2016). In silico toxicology: Computational methods for the prediction of chemical toxicity. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Molecular Science, 6(2), 147–172.
20. Ravindra, D., Huang, G., Hallett, K., Burgner, D. P., Gwee, A., & Silva, M. J. (2023). Antibiotic exposure and dental health: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 152(1), e2023061350.
21. Selles, S. M. A., Kouidri, M., Belhamiti, B. T., & Ait Amrane, A. (2020). Chemical composition, in-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 14(4), 2352–2358.
22. Singh, J., Baghotia, A., & Goel, S. (2012). Eugenia caryophyllata Thunberg (family Myrtaceae): A review. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 3(4), 1469–1475.
23. Son, K. H., Kwon, S. Y., Kim, H. P., Chang, H. W., & Kang, S. S. (1998). Constituents from Syzygium aromaticum Merr. et Perry.
24. Sunar, A., & Altınbaşak, B. B. (2024). Halitosis ve uçucu yağlar. Journal of Kocaeli Health and Technology University, 2(3), 9–23.
25. Yanti, A. I., & Bakri, A. N. (2023). Examining the economic viability of clove farming and its impact on the welfare of farmers in Larompong Sub-District. Al-Kharaj: Journal of Islamic Economic and Business, 5(2).
26. Yeddes, W., Mejri, I., Grati Affes, T., Khammassi, S., Hammami, M., Aidi-Wannes, W., & Brahim, N. B. (2022). Combined effect of essential oils from clove (Syzygium aromaticum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), and lemon peel (Citrus limon) on antibacterial, cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. Trends in Phytochemical Research, 6(1), 11–18.