Araştırma Makalesi
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1980'lerde Japonya-ABD İlişkisi ve Dünya Yarı İletken Konseyinin Kuruluşu

Yıl 2022, , 3 - 23, 26.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1124874

Öz

Entegre devreler (IC'ler veya mikroçipler), bilgisayarlar ve otomobiller gibi yüksek teknolojili tüketici elektronik cihazlarda kullanılır. IC üretim tarihinde, 1980'ler, çip üretim teknolojisinin dünya çapında hızlı bir şekilde gelişmesine ve yayılmasına sahne olmuştur. O zamana kadar lider olan Birleşik Devletler üreticileri, yeni rekabetle karşı karşıya kaldılar ve Japon üreticiler, 1980'lerin ortalarında hem ABD hem de dünya pazarını etkin bir şekilde ele geçirdiler. Buna tepki olarak, ABD'li üreticiler resmi bir koruma girişimi talebiyle ABD Ticaret Temsilciliği Ofisi’ne şikayette bulundular. Dünyanın en büyük elektronik pazarından men edilme tehdidi altında, Japonya 1986 Japonya-ABD Yarı İletken Anlaşması’nı imzalamayı kabul etti. Japonya IC endüstrisine ciddi engellemeler getiren anlaşma 1991'de yenilendi. 1996'da ABD tarafında beklenti yeni bir yenileme doğrultusundaydı. Ancak Japonya, Dünya Yarı İletken Konseyi'nin (WSC) kurulmasını önerdi. Hükümetler arasındaki ikili anlaşmadan özel sektör temsilcilerinden oluşan çok taraflı bir foruma giden bu büyük değişiklik, “neden” sorusunu gündeme getiriyor. Bu makale, Japonya’nın WSC'nin kurulması önerisine yol açan faktörlerin tarihsel bir analizini sunmaktadır. Bu analizde açıklama faktörleri Japonya açısından uluslararası ve yerel faktörler olarak ikiye ayrılmaktadır. 1986 anlaşmasındaki ABD diplomatik üstünlüğünün ve Japonya'nın kendi iç siyasi ekonomik dönüşümünün etkisinin WSC önerisinde etkili olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Beeman, Michael L.. Public Policy and Economic Competition in Japan: Change and Continuity in Antimonopoly Policy, 1973-1995. London: Routledge, 2002.
  • Callon, Scott. Divided Sun: MITI and the Breakdown of Japanese High-Tech Industrial Policy, 1975-1993. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1995.
  • Cargill, Thomas F., and Sakamoto, Takayuki. Japan Since 1980. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Cho, Dong-Sung, Dong-Jae Kim, and Dong Kee Rhee. “Latecomer Strategies: Evidence from the Semiconductor Industry in Japan and Korea.” Organization Science 9, no. 4 (1998): 489-505. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640275.
  • Flamm, Kenneth and Reiss, Peter C.. “Semiconductor Dependency and Strategic Trade Policy.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics 1993, no. 1 (1993): 249-333. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2534714.
  • Fong, Glenn R.. “The Potential for Industrial Policy: Lessons from the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Program.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5, no. 2 (1986): 264-291. http://jstor.org/stable/3323545.
  • Forester, Tom. Silicon Samurai: How Japan Conquered the World’s IT Industry. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993.
  • Gaunder, Alisa. “Glossary.” In The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics, edited by Alisa Gaunder, 372-379. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
  • Gilson, Julie. “Drifting Apart? Japan-EU Relations.” In The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics, edited by Alisa Gaunder, 350-360. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
  • Green, Michael J. and Szechenyi, Nicholas. “Japan-US Relations.” In The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics, edited by Alisa Gaunder, 331-338. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
  • Hatakeyama, Kyoko, and Freedman, Craig F.. Snow on the Pine: Japan’s Quest for a Leadership Role in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2010.
  • Higashi, Chikara and Lauer, G. Peter. The Internationalization of the Japanese Economy. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1990.
  • Heale, M.J.. “Anatomy of a Scare: Yellow Peril Politics in America, 1980–1993.” Journal of American Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 19-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40464347.
  • Hemmert, Martin. “Reorganization of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Firms: Preserving Competitiveness for the Twenty-First Century.” In Technology and Innovation in Japan: Policy and Management for the Twenty-First Century, edited by Martin Hemmert and Christian Oberländer, 129-150. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Hook, Glenn D., Julie Gilson, Christopher W. Hughes, and Hugo Dobson. Japan’s International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security. London: Routledge, 2001.
  • Japan Federation of Economic Organizations. Datsukisei Shakai ni Muketa Jikkō Aru Kisei Kanwa Suishin Keikaku no Sakutei o Motomeru: Kisei Kanwa Suishin Keikaku de Kakuritsu Subeki Gensoku (Call for an Effective Deregulation Promotion Plan for a Deregulated Society: Principles to be Established in a Deregulation Promotion Plan). November 17, 1994. https://www.keidanren.or.jp/japanese/policy/pol019/p19001.html#no1-2
  • Kawabata, Eiji. Contemporary Government Reform in Japan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Lee, Yong Wook. The Japanese Challenge to the American Neoliberal World Order: Identity, Meaning, and Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2008.
  • Makimoto, Tsugio. “Episode 16: Japan-US Semiconductor Agreement.” Makimoto Library. Accessed July 10, 2019. http://www.shmj.or.jp/makimoto/en/pdf/makimoto_E_01_16.pdf.
  • Miller, Anthony O.. Toshiba Apologizes to Nation for Sale of Submarine Technology. UPI, July 20, 1987. https://www.upi.com/archives/1987/07/20/toshiba-apologizes-to-nation-for-sale-of-submarine-technology/8735553752000/.
  • Ministry of Finance, National Tax Agency. Chōki Jikeiretsu Dēta, Kokuzei Chōshū, Chōshū Kettei Sumigaku [National Tax Collection Long-term Time Series Data]. Accessed September 1, 2019. https://www.nta.go.jp/publication/statistics/kokuzeicho/jikeiretsu/01.htm
  • Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. The Technological Transformation of Japan: From the Seventeenth to the Twenty-First Century. Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Noble, Gregory W.. “Who – If Anyone – Is in Charge? Evolving Discourses of Political Power and Bureaucratic Delegation in Postwar Japanese Policymaking.” In Power in Contemporary Japan, edited by Gill Steel, 185-200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • Okimoto, Daniel I.. “Introduction.” In Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, 1-8. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
  • Ōyane, Satoshi. Nichibeikan Handoutai Masatsu: Tsūshōkōshō no Seijikeizai [Semiconductor Frictions Between Japan, the US, and South Korea: Political Economy of Trade Negotiations]. Tokyo: Sōei Shuppansha, 2002.
  • Pekkanen, Sadia M.. Picking Winners? From Technology Catch-up to the Space Race in Japan. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2003.
  • Rothwell, Roy. “Reindustralization, Innovation and Public Policy.” In Technology, Innovation and Economic Policy, edited by Peter Hall, 65-83. Oxford: Philip Allan Publishers, 1986.
  • Sargent, John. “Industrial Location in Japan with Special Reference to the Semiconductor Industry.” The Geographical Journal 153, no. 1 (1987): 72-85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/634473.
  • Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Trends in the Semiconductor Industry. Accessed on September 22,2019. http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/trends/trd80s.html.
  • Shimura, Yukio. Denshi Buhin [Electronic Parts], 4th ed. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbun Shuppansha, 1990.
  • Shinoda, Tomohito. Contemporary Japanese Politics: Institutional Changes and Power Shifts. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
  • Toyoda, Hirō. Chō LSI no Jidai [Age of the VLSI]. Tokyo: Iwanami Honten, 1984.
  • Uenohara, Michiyuki, Takuo Sugano, John G. Linvill, and Franklin B. Weinstein. “Background.” In Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, 9-34. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
  • Yoshikawa, Hiroshi. Japan’s Lost Decade. Translated by Charles Stewart. Tokyo: The International House of Japan Press, 2001.
  • Wakatabe, Masazumi. Japan’s Great Stagnation and Abenomics: Lessons for the World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Weinstein, Franklin B., Michiyuki Uenohara, and John G. Linvill. “Technological Resources”. In Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, 35-77. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
  • World Semiconductor Trade Statistics Inc.. “Blue Book Annual Billing Data.” Accessed August 30, 2019. https://www.wsts.org/67/Historical-Billings-Report.

Bilateral Japan-US Relationship in the 1980s and the Foundation of the World Semiconductor Council

Yıl 2022, , 3 - 23, 26.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1124874

Öz

Integrated circuits (ICs or microchips) are used in high-tech consumer electronics such as computers and automobiles. In the history of IC manufacturing, the 1980s featured rapid improvement and spreading of the chip manufacturing technology around the globe. This led to the United States manufacturers which had been the incumbent leaders so far to face new competition. The Japanese manufacturers had effectively captured both the US and world market by the mid-1980s. In reaction, the US manufacturers filed complaints to the Office of the US Trade Representative leading to an official protective initiative. Under the threat of being cut out of the largest electronics market at the time, Japan agreed to sign the 1986 Japan-US Semiconductor Agreement, with significant demands placed on its industry. The agreement was renewed in 1991 and in 1996, the expectation on the US side was another renewal. Instead, Japan proposed founding the World Semiconductor Council (WSC). This major framework change from a bilateral agreement between governments to a multilateral forum of private sector representatives begets the question of “why.” This paper presents a historical analysis of the factors that led to the Japanese proposal for foundation of the WSC. In this analysis, explanation factors are divided into international and domestic factors from the viewpoint of Japan. It is concluded that the effect of the US diplomatic advantage in the 1986 agreement and Japan’s own domestic political economic transformation culminated in the WSC proposal.

Kaynakça

  • Beeman, Michael L.. Public Policy and Economic Competition in Japan: Change and Continuity in Antimonopoly Policy, 1973-1995. London: Routledge, 2002.
  • Callon, Scott. Divided Sun: MITI and the Breakdown of Japanese High-Tech Industrial Policy, 1975-1993. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1995.
  • Cargill, Thomas F., and Sakamoto, Takayuki. Japan Since 1980. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Cho, Dong-Sung, Dong-Jae Kim, and Dong Kee Rhee. “Latecomer Strategies: Evidence from the Semiconductor Industry in Japan and Korea.” Organization Science 9, no. 4 (1998): 489-505. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2640275.
  • Flamm, Kenneth and Reiss, Peter C.. “Semiconductor Dependency and Strategic Trade Policy.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics 1993, no. 1 (1993): 249-333. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2534714.
  • Fong, Glenn R.. “The Potential for Industrial Policy: Lessons from the Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Program.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 5, no. 2 (1986): 264-291. http://jstor.org/stable/3323545.
  • Forester, Tom. Silicon Samurai: How Japan Conquered the World’s IT Industry. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1993.
  • Gaunder, Alisa. “Glossary.” In The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics, edited by Alisa Gaunder, 372-379. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
  • Gilson, Julie. “Drifting Apart? Japan-EU Relations.” In The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics, edited by Alisa Gaunder, 350-360. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
  • Green, Michael J. and Szechenyi, Nicholas. “Japan-US Relations.” In The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics, edited by Alisa Gaunder, 331-338. Oxon: Routledge, 2011.
  • Hatakeyama, Kyoko, and Freedman, Craig F.. Snow on the Pine: Japan’s Quest for a Leadership Role in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing, 2010.
  • Higashi, Chikara and Lauer, G. Peter. The Internationalization of the Japanese Economy. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1990.
  • Heale, M.J.. “Anatomy of a Scare: Yellow Peril Politics in America, 1980–1993.” Journal of American Studies 43, no. 1 (2009): 19-47. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40464347.
  • Hemmert, Martin. “Reorganization of R&D in Japanese Manufacturing Firms: Preserving Competitiveness for the Twenty-First Century.” In Technology and Innovation in Japan: Policy and Management for the Twenty-First Century, edited by Martin Hemmert and Christian Oberländer, 129-150. London: Routledge, 1998.
  • Hook, Glenn D., Julie Gilson, Christopher W. Hughes, and Hugo Dobson. Japan’s International Relations: Politics, Economics, and Security. London: Routledge, 2001.
  • Japan Federation of Economic Organizations. Datsukisei Shakai ni Muketa Jikkō Aru Kisei Kanwa Suishin Keikaku no Sakutei o Motomeru: Kisei Kanwa Suishin Keikaku de Kakuritsu Subeki Gensoku (Call for an Effective Deregulation Promotion Plan for a Deregulated Society: Principles to be Established in a Deregulation Promotion Plan). November 17, 1994. https://www.keidanren.or.jp/japanese/policy/pol019/p19001.html#no1-2
  • Kawabata, Eiji. Contemporary Government Reform in Japan. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  • Lee, Yong Wook. The Japanese Challenge to the American Neoliberal World Order: Identity, Meaning, and Foreign Policy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2008.
  • Makimoto, Tsugio. “Episode 16: Japan-US Semiconductor Agreement.” Makimoto Library. Accessed July 10, 2019. http://www.shmj.or.jp/makimoto/en/pdf/makimoto_E_01_16.pdf.
  • Miller, Anthony O.. Toshiba Apologizes to Nation for Sale of Submarine Technology. UPI, July 20, 1987. https://www.upi.com/archives/1987/07/20/toshiba-apologizes-to-nation-for-sale-of-submarine-technology/8735553752000/.
  • Ministry of Finance, National Tax Agency. Chōki Jikeiretsu Dēta, Kokuzei Chōshū, Chōshū Kettei Sumigaku [National Tax Collection Long-term Time Series Data]. Accessed September 1, 2019. https://www.nta.go.jp/publication/statistics/kokuzeicho/jikeiretsu/01.htm
  • Morris-Suzuki, Tessa. The Technological Transformation of Japan: From the Seventeenth to the Twenty-First Century. Hong Kong: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
  • Noble, Gregory W.. “Who – If Anyone – Is in Charge? Evolving Discourses of Political Power and Bureaucratic Delegation in Postwar Japanese Policymaking.” In Power in Contemporary Japan, edited by Gill Steel, 185-200. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
  • Okimoto, Daniel I.. “Introduction.” In Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, 1-8. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
  • Ōyane, Satoshi. Nichibeikan Handoutai Masatsu: Tsūshōkōshō no Seijikeizai [Semiconductor Frictions Between Japan, the US, and South Korea: Political Economy of Trade Negotiations]. Tokyo: Sōei Shuppansha, 2002.
  • Pekkanen, Sadia M.. Picking Winners? From Technology Catch-up to the Space Race in Japan. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2003.
  • Rothwell, Roy. “Reindustralization, Innovation and Public Policy.” In Technology, Innovation and Economic Policy, edited by Peter Hall, 65-83. Oxford: Philip Allan Publishers, 1986.
  • Sargent, John. “Industrial Location in Japan with Special Reference to the Semiconductor Industry.” The Geographical Journal 153, no. 1 (1987): 72-85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/634473.
  • Semiconductor History Museum of Japan. Trends in the Semiconductor Industry. Accessed on September 22,2019. http://www.shmj.or.jp/english/trends/trd80s.html.
  • Shimura, Yukio. Denshi Buhin [Electronic Parts], 4th ed. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbun Shuppansha, 1990.
  • Shinoda, Tomohito. Contemporary Japanese Politics: Institutional Changes and Power Shifts. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
  • Toyoda, Hirō. Chō LSI no Jidai [Age of the VLSI]. Tokyo: Iwanami Honten, 1984.
  • Uenohara, Michiyuki, Takuo Sugano, John G. Linvill, and Franklin B. Weinstein. “Background.” In Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, 9-34. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
  • Yoshikawa, Hiroshi. Japan’s Lost Decade. Translated by Charles Stewart. Tokyo: The International House of Japan Press, 2001.
  • Wakatabe, Masazumi. Japan’s Great Stagnation and Abenomics: Lessons for the World. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Weinstein, Franklin B., Michiyuki Uenohara, and John G. Linvill. “Technological Resources”. In Competitive Edge: The Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. and Japan, edited by Daniel I. Okimoto, Takuo Sugano, and Franklin B. Weinstein, 35-77. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1984.
  • World Semiconductor Trade Statistics Inc.. “Blue Book Annual Billing Data.” Accessed August 30, 2019. https://www.wsts.org/67/Historical-Billings-Report.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Elif Sercen Nurcan 0000-0002-7104-0283

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Nurcan, E. S. (2022). Bilateral Japan-US Relationship in the 1980s and the Foundation of the World Semiconductor Council. İletişim Ve Diplomasi(8), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.54722/iletisimvediplomasi.1124874