Değişime Hazır Olma Ölçeği'nin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 23 - 35, 26.06.2013

Yaşar Kondakçı , Merve Zayim Ömer Çalışkan

Öz

Bu çalışma okullarda öğretmen, yönetici ve rehber öğretmen olarak çalışan iş görenlerin değişime hazır
olma düzeylerini ölçen Değişime Hazır Olma-Bilişsel, Duygusal, Kararlılık (DHO-BDK) ölçeğini geliştirme
çalışmalarını içeren süreci anlatmaktadır. Çalışmanın birinci aşamasında, ilk ve ortaöğretim okullarından çalışan
toplam 700 öğretmenden toplanan veri ölçeğin yapı geçerliliği ve güvenirliğine ilişkin destek sağlamıştır. Buna
göre değişime hazır olmanın üç boyutu ortaya çıkmıştır: kararlılık boyutunda değişime hazır olma, duygu
boyutunda değişime hazır olma ve bilişsel boyutta değişime hazır olma. İkinci aşamada, yine ilk ve ortaöğretim
okullarında çalışan 603 öğretmenden oluşan bağımsız bir örneklemden toplanan veri 12 maddeli ve üç boyutlu
yapıyı desteklemiştir. Kararlılık boyutunda değişime hazır olma, bilişsel boyutta değişime hazır olma ve duygu
boyutunda değişime hazır olma için sırasıyla .90, .87 ve .75 düzeyinde Cronbach alfa değerleri bulunmuştur.
DHO-BDK’nin ek geçerlik çalışmalarıyla politika yapıcılar ve okullardaki yöneticiler için iş görenlerin değişime
hazır olmalarını değerlendirecekleri etkin bir araç olacağı ve buna bağlı olarak okullardaki değişim
uygulamalarına yönelik olarak iş görenlerin olumlu tutumlar geliştirmelerine yardımcı olacak stratejileri
geliştirmelerine yardımcı olacağına inanılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Okul yönetimi, örgütsel değişim, değişime hazır olma

Development and Validation of Readiness for Change Scale

Öz

This study described the process of developing and validating the Readiness for ChangeCognitive Emotional Intentional (RFOC-CEI) scale that can be used to assess readiness for change levels of organizational members working in schools including teachers, administrators, and counselor. In the first phase, data collected from 700 teachers in primary and secondary schools provided evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the new scale. Three dimensions emerged: intentional readiness for change, emotional readiness for change, and cognitive readiness for change. In the second phase, data collected from an independent sample of 603 teachers in primary and secondary schools confirmed the three-factor structure of the 12-item RFOC-CEI. The Cronbach alpha coefficients were found to be .90, .87, and .75 respectively for intentional, cognitive, and emotional readiness for change dimensions. Followed by the additional validation studies, the RFOC-CEI will serve as a valuable tool for policy makers and administrators in assessing readiness level of their staff and developing strategies for promoting positive attitudes toward indented changes in schools.

Anahtar Kelimeler

school management, organizational change, readiness for change

Kaynakça

• Arbuckle, J. L. (1999). Amos 4.0 [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: Small Waters.
• Armenakis, A. A., Bernerth, J. B., Pitts, J. P., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Organizational change recepients’ beliefs scale: Development of an assessment instrument. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(4), 481-505.
• Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Feild, H. S. (1999). Making change permanent: A model for institutionalizing change interventions. In W. A. Pasmore & R. W. Woodman (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development (Vol. 12, pp. 97-128). New York: JAI.
• Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Mossholder, K. W. (1993). Creating readiness for organizational change. Human Relations, 46(6), 681-703.
• Bernerth, J. (2004). Expanding our understanding of the change message. Human Resource Development Review, 3(1), 36-52.
• Bouckenooghe, D., Devos, G., & Van Den Broeck, H. (2009). Organizational change questionnaireclimate of change, process, and readiness: Development of a new instrument. The Journal of Psychology, 143(6), 559-599.
• Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
• Burke, W. W. (2008). Organization change: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Çapa, Y., Çakıroğlu, J., & Sarıkaya, H. (2005). Öğretmen özyeterlik ölçeği Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Eğitim ve Bilim, 30(137), 74-81.
• Clegg, C., & Walsh, S. (2004). Change management: Time for a change! European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(2), 217-239.
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power and analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168.
• Fabrigar, L. R.,Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299.
• Ford, J. K., MacCallum, R. C., & Tait, M. (1986). The application of exploratory factor analysis in applied psychology: A critical review and analysis. Personnel Psychology, 39, 291-314.
• George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2001). Towards a process model of individual change in organizations. Human Relations, 54(4), 419-444.
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Hair, Jr. J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
• Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Method, 1(1), 104-121.
• Holt, D., Armenakis, A. A., Field, H. S. & Harris, S. G. (2007b). Readiness for organizational change: The systematic development of a scale. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(2), 232-255.
• Holt, D., Armenakis, A. A., Harris, S. G., & Field, H. S. (2007a). Toward a comprehensive definition of readiness for change: A review of research and instrumentation. In W. A. Passmore & R. W. Woodman (Eds.), Research in organizational change and development (Vol. 16, pp.289-336). Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd.
• Human Resource Development Press. (1995). Change abilitator leader’s guide: A tool for managing change. Amherst, MA: Author.
• Jansen, K. J. (2004). From persistence to pursuit: A longitudinal examination of momentum during the early stages of strategic change. Organization Science, 15(3), 276-294.
• Jones, R. A., Jimmieson, N. L., & Griffiths, A. (2005). The impact of organizational culture and reshaping capabilities on change implementation success: The mediating role of readiness for change. Journal of Management Studies, 42(2), 361-386.
• Nikolaou, I., Gouras, A., Vakola, M., & Bourantas, D. (2007). Selecting change agent: Exploring traits and skills in a simulated environment. Journal of Change Management, 7(3-4), 291-313.
• Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, context, and resistance to organizational change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 73-101.
• Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational change. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 7837
• Preacher, K. J., & MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift’s electric factor analysis machine. Understanding Statistics, 2(1), 13-43.
• Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59.
• Self, D. R. (2007). Organizational change – overcoming resistance by creating readiness. Development and Learning in Organizations, 21(5), 11-13.
• Self, D. R., & Schraeder, M. (2009). Enhancing the success of organizational change: Matching readiness strategies with sources of resistance. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 30(2), 167-182.
• Spector, P. E. (1994). Summated rating scale construction: An introduction. In M.S. Lewis-Beck (Ed.), Basic measurement: International handbooks of quantitative applications in the social sciences (pp. 229-300). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc./Allyn & Bacon.
• Weiner, B., J., Amick, H., & Lee, D. S-Y. (2008). Review: Conceptualization and measurement of organizational readiness for change: A review of the Literature in health services research and other fields. Medical Care Research and Review, 65(4), 379-436.
• Wolff, H., Schneider-Rahm, C. I. & Forret, M. L. (2011). Adaptation of a German multidimensional networking scale into English. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 27(4), 244-250. van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2005). Conceptual and methodological issues in adapting tests. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural assessment (pp. 39–64). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.