ERKEN DÖNEM İSLAM DEVLET YAPILARINA KISA BİR BAKIŞ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 325 - 348, 30.09.2022

Önder Perçin

Öz

Devlet üzerine çalışmalar, tarih öncesi siyasi birimlerden başlayıp modern ulus-devletlere kadar uzanan geniş bir yelpazeyi içermektedir. Bu kapsamda, sosyal sözleşme, ulus-devletlerin ortaya çıkışına bağlı olarak gelişen, modern dünyaya ait ve esas olarak, nüfuslarının çoğunluğunu Hristiyanların oluşturduğu Avrupa ve Amerika’daki devletlerin kültürlerinde şekillenen bir kavram olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ancak, tarihsel olgular, sosyal sözleşmenin, tarihsel seyirde, modern ulus-devletler döneminden önce ve dünyanın Avrupa ve Amerika dışındaki bölgelerinde de var olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma, söz konusu durumun varlığına bir örnek olmak üzere Erken Dönem İslam devletlerine odaklanarak, bu devletlerin yapılarına kısa bir bakış ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, Medine’nin ana sosyal ve dini grupları tarafından 622 yılında imzalanmış olan sosyal sözleşme, Peygamber ve Dört Halife döneminin tarihsel olguları dikkate alındığında, her ne kadar döneme ilişkin kaynaklar yeterli değilse de devletin temel yapısını anlamaya çok temel düzeyde yetecek kadar imkân sağlamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, Medine’de kurulan ilk İslam Devletinin, sosyal sözleşmeye dayandığı, kendine özgü bir anayasası olduğu, seküler değil ancak dinsel çoğulcu nitelikte olduğu, kendine özgü yasama ve yargı teşkilatı oluşturduğu ve yöneticinin yönetenlerin açık yazılı rızasına dayalı olarak yetkilendirildiği ifade edilebilir. Ancak, Dört Halife döneminden sonra, İslam’a özgü devlet yapısı özgünlüğünden ayrıştırılmış ve İslam devletleri, çağdaşları hanedanlıklarla benzer özellikleri olan yönetimlere dönüşmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Devlet, devlet yapısı, erken dönem İslam devletleri, sosyal sözleşme, İslam

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF EARLY ISLAMIC STATES’ STRUCTURES

Öz

Studies on state involve a broad historical spectrum beginning from prehistorical political units to modern nation-states. In this context, social contract is accepted as a concept of modern world, in connection with emerging of the nation state, and it is shaped in a culture mainly within the states in Europe and America which have Christian majority in population. However, historical facts indicate that in the course of the history, examples of social contracts also existed before the modern nation-state era, and at different regions of the world. This study focuses on early Islamic states as an example of the said occurrences and aims to provide a brief overview of the state structure of them. Within this scope, considering the historical facts of the Prophet and Rashidun Caliphate era of the Islamic history, although the historical data related to the said period is scarce, the social contract which was enacted by the main social and religious groups of Medina in 622 provides adequate elements to understand the main structure of the state at a very basic level. Thus, it can be stated that the first Islamic state established in Medina was based on a social contract, had a constitution in its unique character, forming not a secular but a religious pluralistic state, created its unique legislative and judiciary structure, and the ruler was authorized with the explicit written consent of the governed. However, after the Rashidun Caliphate period, the Islamic state structure departed from its uniqueness and Islamic states became dynasties which had similarities to their contemporary governments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

State, state structure, early Islamic states, social contract, Islam

Kaynakça

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