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Historical, Political and Institutional Aspects of Senegambia Confederation (1982-1989)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 3 - 32, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1611092

Öz

Making treaties between countries in order to cooperate on certain issues is a practice as old as the history of states. In terms of the subject matter of the treaty and the institutions which it establishes, certain political entities that emerge as a union of states are characterised as confederations. Confederal structures which the parties to the treaty act for mutual benefit, can turn into federalism which the strongest form of state unity, over time, and often resulted in the collapse of the union. Many states in the Africa have also been in the attitude of acting together by joining forces with the treaties they have concluded among themselves both in the struggle for independence against their colonies and against the economic and political crises they have experienced in the following period. Although the idea of uniting the powers of Senegal and The Gambia, which are in close relations with each other in many ways and bilateral agreements have been maded between the parties on different issues during their history, had been on the agenda before, certain developments at the regional level in 1981 stimulated the idea of establishing a confederation between the parties.
In this study, Senegambia Confederation which was established by a treaty signed between Senegal and The Gambia at the end of 1981 and entered into force in 1982, is analysed in terms of its historical, political and institutional aspects. The success of the application as an institutional case analysis and its institutional functioning and its impact on the parties of the confederation were examined, certain results were reached with qualitative methods by collecting secondary data obtained from literature review and online research and case study. The results obtained in the case of the Senegambian Confederation are of great importance for shedding light on similar initiatives among different states in terms of the transformation of confederation-type formations created as a separate political structure among independent states into a successful state union with good governance policies.

Kaynakça

  • ACCESS GAMBIA, “Senegambia Origins”, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.accessgambia.com/information/senegambia-meaning.html, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • ACEMOĞLU, Daron / ROBINSON, James A., Ulusların Düşüşü Güç, Refah ve Yoksulluğun Kökenleri, Çeviren: Solina Silahlı, 92. Baskı, Doğan Kitap, İstanbul 2024.
  • AFRICA CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, “Making Sense of Senegal’s Constitutional Crisis”, 7 Şubat 2024, (Çevrimiçi) https://africacenter.org/spotlight/senegal-constitutional-crisis/, E.T. 02.11.2024.
  • AKA, Philip C., “The Continued Search for Appropriate Structures for Governance and Development in Africa in the 21st Century: The Senegambia Confederation in Historical and Comparative Perspective”, California Western International Law Journal, C. 47, Sa. 2, 2017, s. 109-156.
  • ANAYURT, Ömer, Anayasa Hukuku Genel Kısım (Temel İlkeler, Kavram ve Kurumlar), 7. Baskı, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara 2024.
  • ARMITAGE, Cecil, “The Gambia Colony and Protectorate”, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, C. 76, Sa. 3944, 1928, s. 811-818.
  • DARNTON, John, “-Lost Decade- Drains Africa’s Vitality”, 19 Haziran 1994, s. 1, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/19/world/lost-decade-drains-africa-s-vitality.html?pagewanted=all, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • DIALLO, Ibrahima, “Attitudes toward Speech Communities in Senegal: a Cross-Sectional Study”, Nordic Journal of African Studies, C. 18, Sa. 3, 2009, s. 196-214.
  • FISHMAN, Steve, “Senegambia: Two Nations in One”, 6 Ekim 1981, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/1006/100652.html, E.T. 09.12.2024
  • GOLUB, Stephen S. / MBAYE, Ahmadou Aly, “National Trade Policies and Smuggling in Africa: The Case of The Gambia and Senegal”, World Development, C. 37, Sa. 3, 2008, s. 595-606.
  • GÖZLER, Kemal, Anayasa Hukukunun Genel Teorisi C. I, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa, 2011.
  • GUPTE, Pranay B., “Gambia Enters Union with Senegal on Wary Note”, 1 Şubat 1982, s. 2, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/01/world/gambia-enters-union-with-senegal-on-wary-note.html, E.T. 19.11.2024.
  • HARTZENBERG, Trudi, “Regional Integration in Africa”, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division, Staff Working Paper ERSD-2011-14, Ekim 2011, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201114_e.pdf, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • HESLOP, D. Alan, “Political System”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system, E.T. 17.11.2024.
  • HUGHES, Arnold / LEWIS, Janet, “Beyond Francophonie? The Senegambia Confederation in Retrospect”, State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence, Editör: Anthony Kirk-Greene & Daniel Bach, Palfrave MacMillan, 1995, s. 228-243.
  • HUGHES, Arnold / PERFECT, David, A Political History of The Gambia, 1816-1994, University of Rochester Press, ABD, 2006.
  • İSTANBUL TİCARET ODASI, Senegal Ülke Etüdü, Yayın No: 1997-40, Tanburacı Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 1997.
  • JAKUBIAK, Łukasz, “Presidential Politics of Constitutional Amendment in Francophone Africa: The Case of Senegal”, Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, C. 61, Sa. 4, 2022, s. 386-407.
  • JUFFERMANS, Kasper / MCGLYNN, Caroline, “A Sociolinguistic Profile of The Gambia”, Sociolinguistic Studies, C. 3, Sa. 3, 2008, s. 329-355.
  • KABOĞLU, İbrahim Ö., Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri (Genel Esaslar), 17. Baskı, Legal Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2023.
  • KURTZ, Donn M., “Political Integration in Africa: The Mali Federation”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, C. 8, Sa. 3, 1970, s. 405-424.
  • LO, Abdou Khadre, “The Senegal Case Study”, Cómo Hacer que Funcione el Sistema Presidencial, Editör: Andrew Ellis, Jesús Orozco Henríquez ve Daniel Zovatto, IDEA Press, Meksika, 2009, s. 219-234.
  • MAZRUI, Ali A., “Constitutional Change and Cultural Engineering Africa’s Search for New Directions”, Constitutionalism in Africa: Creating Opportunities, Facing Challenges, Editör: Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Fountain Publishers, Kampala, 2001, s. 18-36.
  • MBAKU, John Mukum, “The Rule of Law and Poverty Eradication in Africa”, African and Asian Studies, C. 13, Sa. 4, 2014, s. 530-557.
  • MWAKIKAGILE, Godfrey, Ethnic politics in Kenya and Nigeria, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 2001.
  • NNAOCHA, Cajetan Ifeanyi / Ousman BOJANG, Mamakeh, “Dictatorship in African Politics and Governance: The Yahya Jammeh Adventure on The Gambia, West Africa (1994-2017)”, Perspectives in History, Development and International Relations: Festschrift for Professor Ibrahim James, Editör: Terhemba Wuam ve Philibus Audu Nwamagyi, Kaduna State University Department for History, Nijerya, 2018, s. 435-456.
  • NORDLINGER, Christopher W., “Africa’s Senegambia: a Confederation More of Form than Substance”, 6 Ocak 1983, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0106/010652.html, E.T. 08.11.2024.
  • OWİSO, Owiso / NAKANDHA, Sharon, “International Criminal Accountability for Yahya Jammeh’s Administration: The Gambia-ECOWAS Court”, 9 August 2023, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.justsecurity.org/87511/international-criminal-accountability-for-yahya-jammehs-administration-the-gambia-ecowas-court/, E.T. 11.11.2024.
  • PERFECT, David, “Politics and Society in The Gambia since Independence”, History Compass, C. 6, Sa. 2, 2008, s. 426-438.
  • PERFECT, David, Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, 6. Baskı, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ABD 2024.
  • PHILLIPS, Lucie Colvin / HAUGHTON, Jonathan / MICHAEL, Ian, The Senegambia Confederation, The Institute of Development Anthropology, New York, 1987. (Çevrimiçi) http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY711.pdf, E.T. 29.11.2024.
  • RICHMOND, Edmun B., “Senegambia and The Confederation: History, Expectations, and Disilusions”, Journal of Third World Studies, C. 10, Sa. 2, 1993, s. 172-194.
  • ROBSON, Peter, “The Problem of Senegambia”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, C. 3, Sa. 3, 1965, s. 393-407.
  • SALLAH, Tijan M., “Economics and Politics in the Gambia”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, C. 28, Sa. 4, 1990, s. 621-648.
  • SANKANU, Mariam, “Why Gambia suffered a setback at Ecowas Parliament for Special Tribunal”, 3 September 2024, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/135400-why-gambia-suffered-a-setback-at-ecowas-parliament-for-special-tribunal.html, E.T. 11.11.2024).
  • SODARO, Michael J., Comparative Politics – A Global Introduction, 2. Baskı, McGraw Hill Press, Boston, 2004.
  • TEZİÇ, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, 16. Bası, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2013.
  • THE ECONOMIST, “Hopeless Africa”, 11 Mayıs 2000, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.economist.com/leaders/2000/05/11/hopeless-africa, E.T. 18.11.2024
  • THE ECONOMIST, “Special Report Emerging Africa”, 2 Mart 2013, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20130203_emerging_africa.pdf, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • TOURAY, Omar A., The Gambia and The World – A History of the Foreign Policy of Africa’s Smallest State, 1965-1995, Hamburg African Studies, Almanya, 2000.
  • UNITED NATIONS – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIES AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, Report on the Alternatives of Association Between the Gambia and Senegal, New York, 1964.
  • UNITED NATIONS – TREATY SERIES, “Agreement Concerning the Establishment of a Senegambia Confederation”, Y. 1982, C. 1261, S. 20735, s. 331-336, (Çevrimiçi) https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201261/volume-1261-I-20735-English.pdf, E.T. 03.11.2024.
  • UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, “The Gambia 2019-2021 Report”, 2022, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/Finalfinal.pdf, E.T. 10.11.2024.

Tarihi, Siyasal ve Kurumsal Yönleriyle Senegambiya Konfederasyonu (1982-1989)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 3 - 32, 26.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1611092

Öz

Ülkeler arasında belirli konularda iş birliği yapmak amacıyla antlaşmalar yapılması devletler tarihi kadar eski bir uygulamadır. Antlaşmaların konusu ve oluşturduğu kurumlar bakımından devlet birlikteliği şeklinde ortaya çıkan belirli siyasal oluşumlar için konfederasyon nitelemesi yapılmaktadır. Antlaşmanın taraflarının karşılıklı menfaat elde etme amacıyla hareket ettiği konfederasyon şeklindeki yapılar zamanla devlet birlikteliğinin en güçlü şekli olan federasyona dönüşebildiği gibi çoğu zaman birlikteliğin dağılmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Afrika kıtasındaki birçok devlet de gerek sömürgelerine karşı bağımsızlık mücadelesinde gerekse sonraki süreçte yaşadıkları ekonomik ve siyasal krizlere karşı kendi aralarında akdettiği antlaşmalarla güçlerini birleştirerek beraber hareket etme yönünde tutum içerisinde olmuşlardır. Birçok yönden birbiriyle yakın ilişkiler içerisinde olan ve geçmişten günümüze taraflar arasında farklı konularda ikili antlaşmalar akdedilen Senegal ve Gambiya’nın güçlerini ayrı bir siyasal yapı içerisinde birleştirme düşüncesi daha önceden de gündeme gelmekle beraber, 1981 yılında bölgesel düzeyde yaşanan belirli gelişmeler taraflar arasında konfederasyon kurma fikrini harekete geçirmiştir.
Çalışmada, Senegal ve Gambiya arasında 1981 yılının sonunda imzalanan ve 1982 yılında yürürlüğe giren bir antlaşma ile kurulan Senegambiya Konfederasyonu, tarihi, siyasal ve kurumsal yönleriyle ele alınmıştır. Kurumsal bir vaka analizi olarak uygulama başarısı ve kurumsal işleyişi ile konfederasyonunun taraflarına olan etkisinin incelendiği çalışmada yöntemsel olarak literatür taraması ve çevrimiçi araştırmalar ile vaka çalışmasından elde edilen ikincil nitelikteki veriler toplanarak nitel yöntemlerle belirli sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Senegambiya Konfederasyonu özelinde ulaşılan sonuçlar, bağımsız devletler arasında ayrı bir siyasal yapı şeklinde oluşturulan konfederasyon türündeki oluşumların iyi yönetişim politikaları ile başarılı bir devlet birlikteliğine dönüşmesi hususunda farklı devletler arasında benzeri girişimlere ışık tutması bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ACCESS GAMBIA, “Senegambia Origins”, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.accessgambia.com/information/senegambia-meaning.html, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • ACEMOĞLU, Daron / ROBINSON, James A., Ulusların Düşüşü Güç, Refah ve Yoksulluğun Kökenleri, Çeviren: Solina Silahlı, 92. Baskı, Doğan Kitap, İstanbul 2024.
  • AFRICA CENTER FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES, “Making Sense of Senegal’s Constitutional Crisis”, 7 Şubat 2024, (Çevrimiçi) https://africacenter.org/spotlight/senegal-constitutional-crisis/, E.T. 02.11.2024.
  • AKA, Philip C., “The Continued Search for Appropriate Structures for Governance and Development in Africa in the 21st Century: The Senegambia Confederation in Historical and Comparative Perspective”, California Western International Law Journal, C. 47, Sa. 2, 2017, s. 109-156.
  • ANAYURT, Ömer, Anayasa Hukuku Genel Kısım (Temel İlkeler, Kavram ve Kurumlar), 7. Baskı, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara 2024.
  • ARMITAGE, Cecil, “The Gambia Colony and Protectorate”, Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, C. 76, Sa. 3944, 1928, s. 811-818.
  • DARNTON, John, “-Lost Decade- Drains Africa’s Vitality”, 19 Haziran 1994, s. 1, (Çevrimiçi) http://www.nytimes.com/1994/06/19/world/lost-decade-drains-africa-s-vitality.html?pagewanted=all, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • DIALLO, Ibrahima, “Attitudes toward Speech Communities in Senegal: a Cross-Sectional Study”, Nordic Journal of African Studies, C. 18, Sa. 3, 2009, s. 196-214.
  • FISHMAN, Steve, “Senegambia: Two Nations in One”, 6 Ekim 1981, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/1006/100652.html, E.T. 09.12.2024
  • GOLUB, Stephen S. / MBAYE, Ahmadou Aly, “National Trade Policies and Smuggling in Africa: The Case of The Gambia and Senegal”, World Development, C. 37, Sa. 3, 2008, s. 595-606.
  • GÖZLER, Kemal, Anayasa Hukukunun Genel Teorisi C. I, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa, 2011.
  • GUPTE, Pranay B., “Gambia Enters Union with Senegal on Wary Note”, 1 Şubat 1982, s. 2, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/01/world/gambia-enters-union-with-senegal-on-wary-note.html, E.T. 19.11.2024.
  • HARTZENBERG, Trudi, “Regional Integration in Africa”, World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division, Staff Working Paper ERSD-2011-14, Ekim 2011, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201114_e.pdf, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • HESLOP, D. Alan, “Political System”, Encyclopaedia Britannica, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-system, E.T. 17.11.2024.
  • HUGHES, Arnold / LEWIS, Janet, “Beyond Francophonie? The Senegambia Confederation in Retrospect”, State and Society in Francophone Africa since Independence, Editör: Anthony Kirk-Greene & Daniel Bach, Palfrave MacMillan, 1995, s. 228-243.
  • HUGHES, Arnold / PERFECT, David, A Political History of The Gambia, 1816-1994, University of Rochester Press, ABD, 2006.
  • İSTANBUL TİCARET ODASI, Senegal Ülke Etüdü, Yayın No: 1997-40, Tanburacı Matbaacılık, İstanbul, 1997.
  • JAKUBIAK, Łukasz, “Presidential Politics of Constitutional Amendment in Francophone Africa: The Case of Senegal”, Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies, C. 61, Sa. 4, 2022, s. 386-407.
  • JUFFERMANS, Kasper / MCGLYNN, Caroline, “A Sociolinguistic Profile of The Gambia”, Sociolinguistic Studies, C. 3, Sa. 3, 2008, s. 329-355.
  • KABOĞLU, İbrahim Ö., Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri (Genel Esaslar), 17. Baskı, Legal Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2023.
  • KURTZ, Donn M., “Political Integration in Africa: The Mali Federation”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, C. 8, Sa. 3, 1970, s. 405-424.
  • LO, Abdou Khadre, “The Senegal Case Study”, Cómo Hacer que Funcione el Sistema Presidencial, Editör: Andrew Ellis, Jesús Orozco Henríquez ve Daniel Zovatto, IDEA Press, Meksika, 2009, s. 219-234.
  • MAZRUI, Ali A., “Constitutional Change and Cultural Engineering Africa’s Search for New Directions”, Constitutionalism in Africa: Creating Opportunities, Facing Challenges, Editör: Joseph Oloka-Onyango, Fountain Publishers, Kampala, 2001, s. 18-36.
  • MBAKU, John Mukum, “The Rule of Law and Poverty Eradication in Africa”, African and Asian Studies, C. 13, Sa. 4, 2014, s. 530-557.
  • MWAKIKAGILE, Godfrey, Ethnic politics in Kenya and Nigeria, Nova Science Publishers, New York, 2001.
  • NNAOCHA, Cajetan Ifeanyi / Ousman BOJANG, Mamakeh, “Dictatorship in African Politics and Governance: The Yahya Jammeh Adventure on The Gambia, West Africa (1994-2017)”, Perspectives in History, Development and International Relations: Festschrift for Professor Ibrahim James, Editör: Terhemba Wuam ve Philibus Audu Nwamagyi, Kaduna State University Department for History, Nijerya, 2018, s. 435-456.
  • NORDLINGER, Christopher W., “Africa’s Senegambia: a Confederation More of Form than Substance”, 6 Ocak 1983, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0106/010652.html, E.T. 08.11.2024.
  • OWİSO, Owiso / NAKANDHA, Sharon, “International Criminal Accountability for Yahya Jammeh’s Administration: The Gambia-ECOWAS Court”, 9 August 2023, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.justsecurity.org/87511/international-criminal-accountability-for-yahya-jammehs-administration-the-gambia-ecowas-court/, E.T. 11.11.2024.
  • PERFECT, David, “Politics and Society in The Gambia since Independence”, History Compass, C. 6, Sa. 2, 2008, s. 426-438.
  • PERFECT, David, Historical Dictionary of The Gambia, 6. Baskı, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, ABD 2024.
  • PHILLIPS, Lucie Colvin / HAUGHTON, Jonathan / MICHAEL, Ian, The Senegambia Confederation, The Institute of Development Anthropology, New York, 1987. (Çevrimiçi) http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY711.pdf, E.T. 29.11.2024.
  • RICHMOND, Edmun B., “Senegambia and The Confederation: History, Expectations, and Disilusions”, Journal of Third World Studies, C. 10, Sa. 2, 1993, s. 172-194.
  • ROBSON, Peter, “The Problem of Senegambia”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, C. 3, Sa. 3, 1965, s. 393-407.
  • SALLAH, Tijan M., “Economics and Politics in the Gambia”, The Journal of Modern African Studies, C. 28, Sa. 4, 1990, s. 621-648.
  • SANKANU, Mariam, “Why Gambia suffered a setback at Ecowas Parliament for Special Tribunal”, 3 September 2024, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.justiceinfo.net/en/135400-why-gambia-suffered-a-setback-at-ecowas-parliament-for-special-tribunal.html, E.T. 11.11.2024).
  • SODARO, Michael J., Comparative Politics – A Global Introduction, 2. Baskı, McGraw Hill Press, Boston, 2004.
  • TEZİÇ, Erdoğan, Anayasa Hukuku, 16. Bası, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul, 2013.
  • THE ECONOMIST, “Hopeless Africa”, 11 Mayıs 2000, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.economist.com/leaders/2000/05/11/hopeless-africa, E.T. 18.11.2024
  • THE ECONOMIST, “Special Report Emerging Africa”, 2 Mart 2013, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20130203_emerging_africa.pdf, E.T. 18.11.2024.
  • TOURAY, Omar A., The Gambia and The World – A History of the Foreign Policy of Africa’s Smallest State, 1965-1995, Hamburg African Studies, Almanya, 2000.
  • UNITED NATIONS – DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIES AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS, Report on the Alternatives of Association Between the Gambia and Senegal, New York, 1964.
  • UNITED NATIONS – TREATY SERIES, “Agreement Concerning the Establishment of a Senegambia Confederation”, Y. 1982, C. 1261, S. 20735, s. 331-336, (Çevrimiçi) https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201261/volume-1261-I-20735-English.pdf, E.T. 03.11.2024.
  • UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME, “The Gambia 2019-2021 Report”, 2022, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/2022-09/Finalfinal.pdf, E.T. 10.11.2024.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hukuk ve Beşeri Bilimler, Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm C. 10 S. 1 Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Yasin Aydoğdu 0000-0003-3248-5199

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 8 Şubat 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Aydoğdu, Yasin. “Tarihi, Siyasal Ve Kurumsal Yönleriyle Senegambiya Konfederasyonu (1982-1989)”. İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 10, sy. 1 (Mart 2025): 3-32. https://doi.org/10.58733/imhfd.1611092.