Measurıng Tıme Along The Sılk Road At The Tıme Of Marco Polo

Öz

The Silk Road is a metaphorical term for the network of roads extending from Southern Europe to East Asia. In the Middle Ages, this vast area included the Eastern Mediterranean, Byzantium, the Muslim Middle East, India and China. Expensive commodities were supplied through this network and various cultural and scientific achievements were exchanged. Thus, astronomical knowledge, hour systems and clocks were exchanged too. In this paper, their study is based primarily on the works of al-Biruni. Travelling over several thousand kilometers at the time of Marco Polo, the Silk Road travellers used to come across different timing systems: temporal and equinoctial. The first was a formal system according to which synchronization of social activities was performed, while the other was used only by scientists. Therefore, there were various sundial constructions of ancient Greek origin for the temporal system, while, as far as is known, equinoctial sundials existed only in ancient China at the time. Besides, during the Middle Ages, as products of naive gnomonics, semicircular sundials became widespread across Europe. They did not belong to any of the previously mentioned systems, and, paradoxically, they dictated a separate time system of their own – one showing unequal hours

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Silk Road,Middle Ages,hour system,gnomonics,sundial

Kaynakça

1. al-Biruni, A. R. (1963). Indija, Izbrannye proizvedenija, Tom II [India, Selected Works Vol. II]. Belyaev, V. I. (Ed.), Khalidov, A. B. & Zavidovskiy, Yu. N. (Trans.). Erman, V. G. & Khalidov, A. B. (Notes). Tashkent: FAN. (original work published 1030)
2. al-Biruni, A. R. (1966). Geodezija (Opredelenie granic mest dlja utočnenija rasstojanij meždu naselennymi punktami), Izbrannye proizvedenija, Tom III [Determining the boundaries of places to clarify the distances between settlements, Selected Works Vol. III]. Arende, A. K. (Ed.). Bulgakov, P.G. (Trans. & Notes.). Tashkent: FAN. (original work published 1025)
3. Arnaldi, M. (1996). Il Conchincollo, l’antico orologio di Ravenna [Conchincollo, Ancient sundial from Ravenna]. Ravenna: Edizioni Essegi.
4. Arnaldi, M. (2011). Orologi solari monastici irlandesi [Irish monastery sundials]. In Arnaldi, M. (Ed.). Tempus et Regula: Orologi solari medievali italiani; le origini, la storia, I. [Tempus et Regula: Medieval Italian sundials; origins, history I ], (281–287). Ravenna: AM Arte.
5. Arnaldi, M. (Ed.). (2011). Tempus et Regula: Orologi solari medievali italiani; le origini, la storia, I [Tempus et Regula: Medieval Italian sundials; origins, history I ], Ravenna: AM Arte.
6. Çam, N. (1990). Osmanlı Güneş Saatleri [The Ottoman sundials]. Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları .
7. Cowham, M. (2011). An introduction to the medieval dials of Great Britain. In Arnaldi, M. (Ed.). Tempus et regula: Orologi solari medievali italiani; le origini, la storia, I. [Tempus et Regula: Medieval Italian sundials; origins, history I ], (289–299). Ravenna: AM Arte.
8. Gurevich, A.Ya. (1971). Predstavlenija o vremeni v srednovekovnoј Evrope [Representations of time in medieval Europe]. In B.F. Porshneva & L.I. Antsyferov (Eds.), Istorija i psihologija [History and Psychology] (pp. 159-198). Moscow: Science.

9. Gurevich A. Ya. (1984). Kategorii srednevekovoj kultury [Categories of medieval culture]. Moskva: Iskusstvo.
10. James, A. (1909). Time and its measurement. Chicago: H. H. Windsor.
11. King, D. A. (1990). A survey of medieval Islamic shadow schemes for simple time-reckoning. Oriens, 32, pp. 191-249.
12. Kren, C. (1977). The traveler’s dial in the late Middle Ages: The chilinder. Technology and Culture, 18 (3), pp. 419-435.
13. Lush, J. (2011). Sundials in Armenia. In Arnaldi, M. (Ed.). Tempus et Regula: Orologi solari medievali italiani; le origini, la storia, I. [Tempus et Regula: Medieval Italian sundials; origins, history I ], (335–354). Ravenna: AM Arte.
14. Markovic, Lj. (2007). Civilizacija Japana u srednjem veku [Japanese civilization in the Middle Ages]. Belgrade: Faculty of Philology.
15. Needham, J. (1974). Astronomy in ancient and medieval China. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 276 (1257), pp. 67- 82.
16. Özdemir, Y. (2013). Anadolu Güneş Saatleri [Anatolian sundials]. Acta Turcica Türkoloji Dergisi/Journal of Turkish Studies, 5(1), p. 1–27. Retrieved 10. 06. 2017 from http://actaturcica.com/2013-01/index
17. Pipunyrov, V. N. (1982). Istorija časov s drevnejših vremen do naših dnej [The history of hours from ancient times to the present day]. Moskva: Nauka.
18. Podosinov, A. V. (1999). Ex oriente lux Orientacija po stranam sveta v arhaičeskih kulturah Evroazii [Ex oriente lux Orientation according to the sides of the world in ancient Euro-Asian cultures]. Moskva: jaziky russkoј kultury.
19. Schwarzinger, K. (1999). Altägyptische Sonnenuhren (2. Teil) [Ancient Egyptian sundials]. Runddschreiben, 18, p. 11–12.
20. Selin, H. (Ed.). (1997). Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non- Western cultures. Dordreht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
21. Spence, S. (1996). Texts and the self in the twelfth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22. Tadić, M. (1991a). Stari sunčani sat Hadži Ali–begove džamije u Travniku [Old sundial of Hadži Ali- Bey’s mosque in Travnik]. Zbornik radova Zavičajnog muzeja u Travniku [Proceedings of the Ethnographic Museum in Travnik], 33–48.
23. Tadić, M. (1991b). Određivanje azimuta kible Travnika prema prolazu sunca kroz njen vertical [Determination of the azimuth of Travnik Qibla by the passage of the sun through its vertical]. Kujundžić, U.E. (Ed.). Islamski kalendar i astronomija [Islamic calendar and astronomy] (str. 256–259). Sarajevo: Mešihat Islamske zajednice u BiH.
24. Таdić, M. (2002a). Sunčani časovnici [Sundials]. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike.
25. Таdić, M. (2002b). Sunčanici koji su sami sobom diktirali časovni system [Sundials that dictated the time system by themselves]. Flogiston, 12, p. 31–34.
26. Tadić, M. (2011). Medieval sundials in former FPR Yugoslavia (SFRJ). In Arnaldi, M. (Ed.). Tempus et Regula: Orologi solari medievali italiani; le origini, la storia, I. [Tempus et Regula: Medieval Italian sundials; origins, history I ], (313–320). Ravenna: AM Arte.
27. Tadić, M. (2014). Byzantine time system of the Serbian monastery Hilandar (and the whole Mount Athos). Collection of Papers - Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, 62, p. 1-25.
28. Tadić, M. & Prnjat, Z. (2016). Sundials as environmental posters. The Environment: Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4(1), p.13–17.
29. Weyss, N. (1988). Wo gab es die Frühesten Fassaden-Sonnenuhren [The earliest facade sundials]. Schriften der Freunde alter Umen (SFAU), 27. P. 89–103.